(a) To write: About serotype-specific immunity. Introduction: Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Based on your results from the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) media, which of your bacteria were mannitol fermenters and which were not mannitol fermenters?

help tutor please

Q8. A researcher wants to study the effectiveness of a pill intended to reduce stomach heartburn in pregnant women. The researcher chooses randomly 400 women to participate in this experiment for 9 months of their pregnancy period. They all need to have the same diet. The researcher designs two groups of 200 participants: One group take the real medication intended to reduce heartburn, while the other group take placebo medication. In this study what are: Independent variable: Dependent variable: Control variable: Experimental group: " Control group: If the participants do not know who is consuming the real pills and who is consuming the sugar pills. This study is It happens that 40% of the participants do not find the treatment helpful and drop out after 6 months. The researcher throws out the data from subjects that drop out. What type of bias is there in this study? If the company who makes the medication funds this research, what type of bias might exist in this research work?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 20

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 10Q

Concept explainers

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 13 Solutions