To determine:
The level of contamination of hospital scrubs that is common among healthcare workers.
Concept introduction:
Healthcare-associated infections are the type of infections that are acquired by patients while receiving their medical treatment. Modern healthcare system uses many devices and procedures for the recovery of the patient but many of these can be associated with infections.

Explanation of Solution
Hospital scrubs was also known as scrubs, are the sanitary clothing worn by nurses, surgeons, doctors, and other workers associated with health care. These are designed to be easy to launder, simple and cheap so that replaced easily when stained or damaged.
All these workers, whether they are nurses, doctors, technicians, or even custodial staff, have been exposed to microorganisms in the hospital and they may carry these over their clothing. Thus, contamination of hospital scrubs is very common among healthcare workers.
Contamination of hospital scrubs is very common among health care workers as they are constantly been exposed to microorganisms in the hospital environment.
To determine:
The microbes that are most commonly found on the clothing of healthcare workers.
Concept introduction:
Hospital scrubs was also known as scrubs, are the sanitary clothing worn by health care workers. These clothing are designed to be easy to launder, simple and cheap so that replaced easily when stained or damaged.

Explanation of Solution
Researchers in Israel collected uniforms of medical doctors and nurses and tested their sleeves ends, pockets, and abdominal area. The obtained samples were pressed over the prepared agar plates to analyze the microbial growth.
Their study along with the results of another study done by researchers in different areas revealed that 75 % of white lab coats of health care workers were contaminated with Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Moraxella and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The ties of doctors were also sampled and the result revealed 66 % contamination with MRSA and other pathogens.
The microbes that are most commonly found on the clothing of healthcare workers include Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Moraxella and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
To determine:
Whether laundering at home is sufficient to remove microbial contamination.
Concept introduction:
HAIs also was known as Healthcare-associated infections, are the type of infections that are acquired by patients while receiving their medical treatment. Thus, it has become a major safety concern for both patients and healthcare providers.

Explanation of Solution
Many hospitals allow their workers to wash their own uniforms as a measure of cost saving. Therefore, scrubs and white lab coats are often taken home to wash with personal clothing items.
Laundering at home is not sufficient to remove microbial contamination because generally, the water temperature of home laundry can reach only 130° F while the water temperature of hospital laundry can reach up to 160° F. Thus, laundering at home may not destroy all the pathogens.
Laundering at home is not sufficient to remove microbial contamination due to low water temperature which may not allow the destruction of all pathogens.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 13 Solutions
MICROBIOLOGY W/ACCESS
- Using quail and chick embryos, quail-specific antibody and fluorescent tissue-specific antibodies, design an experiment where you investigate the tissues the cranial neural crest can give rise to. What are four derivatives of the cranial neural crest that you expect to see in the resulting chimeric embryos?arrow_forwardDoes the neural crest have to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition prior to migration through the developing embryo? Does the neural crest differentiate into different cell types based on their axial position along the anterior and posterior axis?arrow_forwardUsing quail and chicken embryos, what kind of experiment would you conduct to test if rib forming somites have their axial identity specified before segmentation? How do we know this phenotype is due to axial identity being specified before segmentation and not due to our experimental method?arrow_forward
- 8. Aerobic respiration of a 5 mM solution of tripeptide that is composed of the following three amino acids; alanine, leucine and isoleucine. Alanine breaks down to pyruvate, leucine breaks down to Acetyl-CoA and isoleucine breaks down to succinyl-CoA. Alanine NADH FADH2 OP ATP SLP ATP Total ATP Leucine Isoleucine Totals Show your work using dimensional analysis here: 4arrow_forward9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available. fatty acids glycerol 18 carbons 12 carbons 0=arrow_forwardinfluences of environment on the phenotype.arrow_forward
- What is the difference between codominance and phenotypic plasticity?arrow_forwardExplain the differences between polygeny and pleiotropy,arrow_forwardIf using animals in medical experiments could save human lives, is it ethical to do so? In your answer, apply at least one ethical theory in support of your position.arrow_forward
- You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?arrow_forwardYou decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.arrow_forwardYou implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb? Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education





