EBK BIOLOGY
5th Edition
ISBN: 8220100667978
Author: Maier
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13, Problem 10LTB
Phylogenies are created based on the principle that all species descending from a recent common ancestor ___________.
- should be identical;
- should share characteristics that evolved in that ancestor;
- should be found as fossils;
- should have identical DNA sequences;
- should be no more similar than species that are less closely related
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Chapter 13 Solutions
EBK BIOLOGY
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- On the right is a phylogeny depicting the relationship among eight animal species (A to H). Next to the species names are the tooth morphology of each species. For example, species A has prominent molar teeth, thus likely a herbivore. On the other hand, species C has prominent canine tooth, thus likely a carnivore. Which of the following statements is correct? O The most recent common ancestor for species A to H is probably a carnivore: O The most recent common ancestor for species A to H is probably a herbivore OIt is impossible to tell what the main food source is for the most recent common ancestor of species A to H. O For species C, D, E, F, G, there are four evolutionary events that lead to the evolution of canine tooth morphology If the common ancestor of species C, D, E, F, G is a carnivore, then the molar teeth for species D is a plesiomorphy. A B D E LL F G H REG a a Barrow_forwardIt is the proportion of replicate phylogenies that recovered a particular clade from the original phylogeny built using the original alignment. This also serves as a confidence level that at out of 100, how many times the same branch is observed when repeating the generation of a phylogenetic tree on a resampled set of data. OOO Branch length Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUS) Branch node Bootstrap valuearrow_forwardIt is known that it takes very long periods of time for new species to develop, and yet the fossil record for many organisms is characterized by long periods of Stasis (no change) followed by short bursts of intense Speciation (the disappearance of one species followed by the appearance of a new species). Thus in the fossil record, organisms seem to stay the same for long periods of time followed by a “sudden” change in the organisms (sudden with respect to evolution and geology). In other words, it appears that new species evolve suddenly as opposed to over long periods of time. The Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium helps to explain these seemingly contradictory occurrences in the fossil record. Discuss how Punctuated Equilibrium works (think about small offshoot populations that break off from the main population) and how it can explain the fossil record evidence. (Be sure to include information about why fossils of the offshoot population would be rare.)arrow_forward
- The most parsimonious phylogenetic tree requires the fewest evolutionary events as measured by the origin of shared derived morphological characters. When the phylogeny is based on DNA the most parsimonious tree requires fewer base changes. True Falsearrow_forwardBased on the information from the following table and the provided phylogenetic tree, what kind of species classification is shown? A B C D E F G H 1 J K L M N O Form of Male Genitalia 1 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L r T Pits) or Tubercles E P P T T T T T P P P P P Р P P O Phenetic Species Concept O Blological Species Concept O Phylogenetic Species Concept O Sympatric Species Concept Blayple (OUTGROUP) beaver Dan, AZ -Twentynine Paime, CA -Harkavilla, UT D-Chilchinbio, NM -Vermilion Cas. AZ 64 -F-Mone Lake, CA -G-Coral Pink Danes, UT H-Pyramid Lake, N -Crescent Dunes, MV Meno Lake CA -K-Olancha CA -Olancha, CA --Winnemucca, NV -El Mirage, CA Lo-Dumont Dunes, CA Form of dorsal ridges M₁ M₁ FFFFFFFFFF M Ma M₂ M₂arrow_forwardMatch the correct label to locations A, B and C on the figure below. Evolutionary history, or phylogeny, is represented visually by a phylogenetic tree. Trees have a common structure, with a root, nodes, and branches. To determine evolutionary relationships among living or extinct organisms, consider the most recent common ancestors. Lizard C: Natural selection leads to new species or groups of species. Eu Jin Chew/Dreamstime.com Crocodile B: This is the common ancestor of all organisms on the tree. Infographic 16.10 Dinion for Channing World Third Edition Gert Vrey/Dreamstime.com Dinosaur (extinct) Time musk/Alamy Bird Danita Delimont/Alamy A: This is the last common ancestor of the organisms above this point in the tree (in this case, dinosaurs and birds).arrow_forward
- Below is an example of a particular kind of phylogenetic tree called a chronogram. Chronoograms are named because the length of the branches represents different lengths of time. Nodes are represented by vertical lines, and branches with horizontal ones. They can be arranged horizontally, with the most recent evolutions on the right. Given this information, the taxa that is most closely related to Dubautia ciliolata c. 529 (highlighted below) is _________________ (make sure to type exactly the same characters, including the numbers; do not italicize).arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenythat accurately portrays the evolutionary relationships among the organisms listed. Each organism listed should be at the tip of a branch on the tree. Use the internet to discover what type of organisms they are, and refer to the textbook and course notes as you determine the relationships among these organisms. Label the phylogeny with each of the 6 species listed and write on the tree where the following derived traits evolved: specialized tissues, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, deuterostomy, protostomy, and ecdysozoan cuticle (the need for an animal to molt in order to grow). Anthopleura xanthogrammica Giant Green Anemone Chondrocladia lyra. harp sponge Diadema antillarum black sea urchin Euphasia superba. Antarctic krill Phrynosoma cornutum. horny toad Taenia saginata. beef tapewormarrow_forwardCommon descent with modification implies that all species can trace their ancestory back to a shared ancestral organism True Falsearrow_forward
- Part I: Construct a phylogeny Below is a list of seven hypothetical, currently-living species (A-G), and eleven of their character states (i.e., traits). You will use these traits to construct your tree. Species Character states green еyes green no no egg wings claws hair A scales tail carnivore teeth spots horns layer green eyes green no egg В scales wings horns tail carnivore hair teeth spots claws layer egg layer green green no no scales wings claws tail carnivore hair spots eyes horns teeth no no no egg no no scales red eyes wings claws layer no tail carnivore spots horns hair teeth no no egg layer no no E spots red eyes horns scales claws tail carnivore wings hair teeth no no no live no F spots red eyes wings claws carnivore tail hair scales horns birth teeth no no no live no G spots red eyes wings claws tail herbivore hair scales horns birth teeth Assume that the extinct ancestor of this group, at the root of the phylogenetic tree, had the following features: no spots, no scales,…arrow_forwardMatch the terms in the left column to the appropriate blanks on the right. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all. shared trait distantly dependent similar analogous homologous different common ancestor closely independent Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. It occurs when distantly related organisms obtain a shared trait trait due to analogous needs. Such resemblance is said to be homologous. Therefore, species with traits that appeared convergently do not have a common ancestor Submit Previous Answers Request Answer Reset Help X Incorrect; Try Again; 4 attempts remainingarrow_forwardAn inferential clustering method of phylogeny that considers probabilities of character state changes from a precise evolutionary model and considers the driving forces of evolution. It is also regarded as the most complex clustering algorithm in phylogenetic analysis yet the most accurate. OOOO Maximum Likelihood Maximum Parsimony Neighbor-Joining Minimum-Evolutionarrow_forward
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