Chapter 12, Problem 57IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route for the transformation of given molecules should be identified by using starting material with two carbon atoms.

Concept Introduction:

The Grignard reaction:

Alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides ($\text{RMgX}$) is called as Grignard reagent. Grignard reagent is reaction with carbonyl compound such as aldehyde or ketone, produces corresponding alcohol is the product and it is the one of the carbon – carbon bond forming reaction.

    

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route for the transformation of given molecules should be identified by using starting material with two carbon atoms.

Concept Introduction:

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

  

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

  

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like ${\text{LAH or NaBH}}_{\text{4}}$ which provides alcohol.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route for the transformation of given molecules should be identified by using starting material with two carbon atoms.

Concept Introduction:

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene.  Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like ${\text{LAH or NaBH}}_{\text{4}}$ which provides alcohol.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route for the transformation of given molecules should be identified by using starting material with two carbon atoms.

Concept Introduction:

The Grignard reaction:

Alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides ($\text{RMgX}$) is called as Grignard reagent. Grignard reagent is reaction with carbonyl compound such as aldehyde or ketone, produces corresponding alcohol is the product and it is the one of the carbon – carbon bond forming reaction.

    

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene.  Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.