Chapter 12, Problem 45CR

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The formula of simple binary compound formed by Al and F should be determined.

Concept Introduction :

A binary compound is formed by two different elements usually a metal and a non-metal. A metal atom has the tendency to lose electrons and form positive cations. A non-metal atom has the tendency to gain electrons and form negative anions. Oppositely charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction to form binary compounds.

Answer to Problem 45CR

The formula of the binary compound formed by $Al$ and $F$ is $Al{F}_3$ .

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of aluminum with atomic number 13 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^1$ . Aluminum atom has the tendency to lose three electrons from the valence shell to obtain stable electronic configuration like the nearest inert gas neon. For this reason, aluminum atom loses 3 electrons to form aluminum ion $\left(A{l}^{3+}\right)$ .

The electronic configuration of fluorine with atomic number 9 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^5$ . Fluorine atom has the tendency to gain one electron to obtain stable octet structure. For this reason, fluorine atom gains 1 electron to form fluoride ion $\left(F^{-}\right)$ .

Three fluoride ions combine with one aluminum ion to balance the charge and form a neutral binary compound $Al{F}_3$ .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The formula of simple binary compound formed by Li and N should be determined.

Concept Introduction :

A binary compound is formed by two different elements usually a metal and a non-metal. A metal atom has the tendency to lose electrons and form positive cations. A non-metal atom has the tendency to gain electrons and form negative anions. Oppositely charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction to form binary compounds.

Answer to Problem 45CR

The formula of the binary compound formed by $Li$ and $N$ is $L{i}_{3}N$ .

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of lithium with atomic number 3 is $1s^{2}2s^1$ . Lithium atom has the tendency to lose one electron from the valence shell to obtain stable electronic configuration like the nearest inert gas helium. For this reason, lithium atom loses 1 electron to form lithium ion $\left(L{i}^{+}\right)$ .

The electronic configuration of nitrogen with atomic number 7 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^3$ . Nitrogen atom has the tendency to gain three electrons to obtain stable octet structure. For this reason, nitrogen atom gains 3 electrons to form nitride ion $\left(N^{3-}\right)$ .

Three lithium ions combine with one nitride ion to balance the charge and form a neutral binary compound $L{i}_{3}N$ .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The formula of simple binary compound formed by Ca and S should be determined.

Concept Introduction :

A binary compound is formed by two different elements usually a metal and a non-metal. A metal atom has the tendency to lose electrons and form positive cations. A non-metal atom has the tendency to gain electrons and form negative anions. Oppositely charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction to form binary compounds.

Answer to Problem 45CR

The formula of the binary compound formed by $Ca$ and $S$ is $CaS$ .

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of calcium with atomic number 20 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^2$ . Calcium atom has the tendency to lose two electrons from the valence shell to obtain stable electronic configuration like the nearest inert gas argon. For this reason, calcium atom loses 2 electrons to form calcium ion $\left(C{a}^{2+}\right)$ .

The electronic configuration of sulfur with atomic number 16 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^4$ . Sulfur atom has the tendency to gain two electrons to obtain stable octet structure. For this reason, sulfur atom gains 2 electrons to form sulfide ion $\left(S^{2-}\right)$ .

One calcium ion combines with one sulfide ion to balance the charge and form a neutral binary compound $CaS$ .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The formula of simple binary compound formed by Mg and P should be determined.

Concept Introduction :

A binary compound is formed by two different elements usually a metal and a non-metal. A metal atom has the tendency to lose electrons and form positive cations. A non-metal atom has the tendency to gain electrons and form negative anions. Oppositely charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction to form binary compounds.

Answer to Problem 45CR

The formula of the binary compound formed by $Mg$ and $P$ is $M{g}_3{P}_2$ .

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of magnesium with atomic number 12 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^2$ . Magnesium atom has the tendency to lose two electrons from the valence shell to obtain stable electronic configuration like the nearest inert gas neon. For this reason, magnesium atom loses 2 electrons to form magnesium ion $\left(M{g}^{2+}\right)$ .

The electronic configuration of phosphorus with atomic number 15 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^3$ . Phosphorus atom has the tendency to gain three electrons to obtain stable octet structure. For this reason, phosphorus atom gains 3 electrons to form phosphide ion $\left(P^{3-}\right)$ .

Three magnesium ions combine with two phosphide ions to balance the charge and form a neutral binary compound $M{g}_3{P}_2$ .

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The formula of simple binary compound formed by Al and O should be determined.

Concept Introduction :

A binary compound is formed by two different elements usually a metal and a non-metal. A metal atom has the tendency to lose electrons and form positive cations. A non-metal atom has the tendency to gain electrons and form negative anions. Oppositely charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction to form binary compounds.

Answer to Problem 45CR

The formula of the binary compound formed by $Al$ and $O$ is $A{l}_2{O}_3$ .

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of aluminum with atomic number 13 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^1$ . Aluminum atom has the tendency to lose three electrons from the valence shell to obtain stable electronic configuration like the nearest inert gas neon. For this reason, aluminum atom loses 3 electrons to form aluminum ion $\left(A{l}^{3+}\right)$ .

The electronic configuration of oxygen with atomic number 8 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^4$ . Oxygen atom has the tendency to gain two electrons to obtain stable octet structure. For this reason, oxygen atom gains 2 electrons to form oxide ion $\left(O^{2-}\right)$ .

Two aluminum ions combine with three oxide ions to balance the charge and form a neutral binary compound $A{l}_2{O}_3$ .

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The formula of simple binary compound formed by K and S should be determined.

Concept Introduction :

A binary compound is formed by two different elements usually a metal and a non-metal. A metal atom has the tendency to lose electrons and form positive cations. A non-metal atom has the tendency to gain electrons and form negative anions. Oppositely charged ions are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction to form binary compounds.

Answer to Problem 45CR

The formula of the binary compound formed by $K$ and $S$ is $K_{2}S$ .

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration of potassium with atomic number 19 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^1$ . Potassium atom has the tendency to lose one electron from the valence shell to obtain stable electronic configuration like the nearest inert gas argon. For this reason, potassium atom loses 1 electron to form potassium ion $\left(K^{+}\right)$ .

The electronic configuration of sulfur with atomic number 16 is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^4$ . Sulfur atom has the tendency to gain two electrons to obtain stable octet structure. For this reason, sulfur atom gains 2 electrons to form sulfide ion $\left(S^{2-}\right)$ .

Two potassium ions combine with one sulfide ion to balance the charge and form a neutral binary compound $K_{2}S$ .