Chapter 12, Problem 34E

Use the standard free energy data in Appendix G to determine the free energy change for each of the following reactions, which are run under standard state conditions and 25 °C. Identify each as either spontaneous or nonspontaneous at these conditions.

(a) $\text{C}\left(s,\text{graphite}\right)+{\text{O}}_2\left(g\right)\to {\text{CO}}_2\left(g\right)$

(b) ${\text{O}}_2\left(g\right)+{\text{N}}_2\left(g\right)\to 2\text{NO}\left(g\right)$

(c) $\text{2Cu}\left(s\right)+\text{S}\left(g\right)\to {\text{Cu}}_2\text{S}\left(s\right)$

(d) $\text{CaO}\left(s\right)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}\left(l\right)\to \text{Ca}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_2\left(s\right)$

(e) ${\text{Fe}}_2{\text{O}}_3\left(g\right)+3\text{CO}\left(g\right)\to 2\text{Fe}\left(s\right)+3{\text{CO}}_2\left(g\right)$

(f) ${\text{CaSO}}_4\cdot 2{\text{H}}_2\text{O}\left(s\right)\to {\text{CaSO}}_4\left(s\right)+2{\text{H}}_2\text{O}\left(g\right)$