Use the standard entropy data in Appendix G to determine the change in entropy for each of the following reactions. All the processes occur at the standard conditions and 25°C.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

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Chapter 12 Solutions
Chemistry Atoms First2e
- Consider the reaction below to answer the following questions: Acetoacetic ester can be prepared by the Claisen self-condensation reaction of ethyl acetate. 1. NaOEt, EtOH H&C OCH CH3 2 H30 H3C CH2 OCH2CH3 A. Write the complete stepwise mechanism for this reaction. Show all electron flow with arrows and draw all intermediate structures. B. Ethyl acetate can be prepared from ethanol as the only organic starting material. Show all reagents and structures for all intermediates in this preparation. C. Give the structures of the ester precursors for the following Claisen condensation product and formulate the reaction. OEtarrow_forwardUse the phase diagram of Substance X below to find the temperature at which X turns to a gas, if the pressure above the solid is 3.7 atm. pressure (atm) 32 16 solid liquid gas 0 0 200 temperature (K) Note: your answer must be within 20 °C of the exact answer to be graded correct. Шос ☑ كarrow_forwardStarting from bromoethane, how could you prepare the following compounds: a. Ethanol. b. Acetaldehyde f. Acetone. e. 2-Propanol i. Acetoacetic ester. d. 2-Bromoacetic acid. c. Acetic acid g. Acetamide. j. Ethylmalonate k. Gama ketoacid. h. Ethyl magnesium bromide.arrow_forward
- - The pressure above a pure sample of solid Substance X at 60. °C is raised. At what pressure will the sample melt? Use the phase diagram of X below to find your answer. pressure (atm) 02 0.4 solid Hliquid gas 0 0 200 400 600 temperature (K) Note: your answer must be within 0.025 atm of the exact answer to be graded correct. ☐ atmarrow_forward15. What is the order of decreasing reactivity towards nucleophilic acyl substitution for the carboxylic acid derivatives? (most reactive first) 0 O H3C COC CH3 H₂C C N(CH3)2 H3C C OCH3 A. a. I, 11, 111, b. I, III, IV, II C. II, IV, III, I ° (CH3)2CH C OCH3 IV d. II, I, III, IV B. R COCR 0 0 0 13= RC NH2 RC OR RC CI === IV a. I, III, II, IV b. II, III, I, IV C. III, II, I, IV d. IV, I, III, IIarrow_forwardDraw the formula of the product obtained by reacting D-Tallose with bromine water.arrow_forward
- Choose the best reagent(s) for carrying out the following conversions from the list below. Place the letter corresponding to the best choice in the blank to the left of the conversion. a. KMnO4, H3O+ b. Tollens' Reagent [oxidizing reagent] C. NaBH4, ethanol d. 1. BH3 2. H3O+ e. 1. CH3MgBr, ether 2. H3O+ f. CrO3, H2SO4, H₂O g. 1. Mg, ether 2. CO2 3. H3O+ h. 1. NaCN 2. H2SO4, H2, heat i. O3, then Zn and HOAC j. CH₂I A. B. C. CH CH=CHCH2COOH Br CEN CH COOH + HOOCCH COOH COOH 010 CH3arrow_forwardDraw the structures for each of the intermediates in the boxes provided for the synthesis below. OCH3 Fe HO HNO (CHOO pynding H₂504 LHNO2 NACH-I Fa H₂O HCL HNO 180arrow_forwardProvide structure(s) for the starting material(s), reagent(s) or the major organic product(s) of each of the following reactions or sequences of reactions. Show all relevant stereochemistry [three only] A. o 11 (CH3)CH — C— C ether (CH3)2CH-C-O-C-CH3 B. CH3 CHy CI Staf OH C. HC OCHS + H₂Oarrow_forward
- Consider the reaction sequence below to answer the following questions: EtO Compound X 1. NaOEt, EtOH OEt Br CO₂Et NaOEt, EtOH Compound Z CO₂Et Compound Y A. Compound X, diethyl propanedioate, is more commonly known as a. ethyl acetoacetate b. acetoacetic ester C. oxalic ester d. malonic ester 3. Write the complete stepwise mechanism for the conversion of Compound X into Compound Y. Show all electron flow with arrows and draw all intermediate structures.arrow_forwardClassify each of the following nitrogen atoms in the following compounds as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary [three only] CH3 HO-CHCHNHCH3 A. B. C. H&C CH3 D. HO phedrine CH2CHCH3 amphetamine NH₂ mepiquat chloride faxofenadine OH H&C CH CO₂Harrow_forwardDraw the structure of the aldol self-condensation product for each of the following compounds. If a compound does not undergo aldol self-condensation, explain why it does not. A. B. CHICHCH₂OH CH3CHCH2CH CH3 CH3 C. CH 30 H3C-C-C-H CH3 questionsarrow_forward
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