To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. Introduction: Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).

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After adding a small amount of ATP labeled with radioactive phosphorus in the terminal position, [7-32P]ATP, to a yeast extract, a researcher finds about half of the 32P activity in P; within a few minutes, but the concentration of ATP remains unchanged. She then carries out the same experiment using ATP labeled with 32P in the central position, [ẞ-³2P]ATP, but the 32P does not appear in P; within such a short time. Which statements explain these results? Yeast cells reincorporate P; released from [ß-³2P]ATP into ATP more quickly than P¡ released from [y-³2P]ATP. Only the terminal (y) phosphorous atom acts as an electrophilic target for nucleophilic attack. The terminal (y) phosphoryl group undergoes a more rapid turnover than the central (B) phosphate group. Yeast cells maintain ATP levels by regulating the synthesis and breakdown of ATP. Correct Answer

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The result that would obtained when epinephrine is added to a homogenate of normal liver which increases the activity of glycogen phosphorylase.

Introduction:

Epinephrine is also termed as adrenalin and it is a hormone which is used for the treatment of disorders such as anaphylaxis as well as cardiac arrest. It is used in emergency conditions.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The substance X is cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and epinephrine hormone helps in the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase by the activation of enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. It is involved in the formation of cAMP which serves as second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound protein located in the plasma membrane. Its stimulation results in the formation of cAMP. After its formation, it helps in the regulation of several cellular processes. At the time of centrifugation, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase sediments into particulate fractions.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

Answer 13

(b)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when Substance X was produced and particulate fraction from centrifugation in (a) was treated with epinephrine.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. It acts a second messenger. It is stimulated by cAMP.

Answer 14

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

Glycogen phosphorylase is a type of phosphorylase enzyme which is directly induced by cAMP. As cAMP binds with protein kinase A (PKA), it results in its activation. The activation of protein kinase A results in the stimulation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).

Answer 19

(c)

Summary Introduction

To interpret: The results that would be obtained when substance X was heat stabled and its capacity for activation of phosphorylase is not affected by heat treatment.

Introduction:

cAMP is derived as a derivative of Adenosine triphosphate which is used as intercellular signal transduction several organisms. Epinephrine is also called as adrenalin and it is a hormone.

Answer 20

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The cAMP is a heat-stable molecule and it is prepared by the treatment of ATP with barium hydroxide. Adenylate cyclase enzyme is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate into cAMP in the presence of barium hydroxide. It stimulates cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA).