(a) To explain: The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E 2 receptor. PGE 2 is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”. Introduction: Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “ nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

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The beta-lactamase hydrolyzes the lactam-ring in penicillin. Describe the mechanism of hydrolysis, insuring to include the involvement of S, D, & K in the reaction sequence. Please help

To map the active site of beta-lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Why doesn't D in this hexapeptide not participate in the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring even though S, K, and D are involved in the catalyst?

To map the active site of -lactamase, the enzyme was hydrolyzed with trypsin to yield a hexapeptide (P1) with the following amino acids. Glu, Lys, Leu, Phe, Met, and Ser. Treatment of P1 with phenyl isothiocyanate yielded a PTH derivative of phenylalanine and a peptide (P2). Treatment of P1 with cyanogenbromide gave an acidic tetrapeptide (P3) and a dipeptide (P4).Treatment of P2 with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by complete hydrolysis, yields N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Glu. P1, P2, and P3 contain the active site serine. Using the experimental results described above derive the primary sequence of the active site hexapeptide. Please help!

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

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See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 19P

Summary Introduction

(a)

To explain:

The following statement “colon cancer cells often contain mutations in gene encoding prostaglandin E₂ receptor. PGE₂ is a growth factor which is required for division of cells in gastrointestinal tract”.

Introduction:

Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The mutations can be harmful, beneficial or neutral depending on the location of alteration in the genome and the effect exerted by the environment.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “ Kaposi sarcoma is a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS which is caused by virus carrying gene for a protein similar to Chemokines receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors.

Introduction:

Kaposi’s sarcoma is defined as a type of cancer which leads to forms masses of skin, lymph nodes or into other organs. The skin lesions appear in purple color. It forms patches of abnormal tissues under skin, lining of mouth and throat, in lymph nodes.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “adenovirus is a tumor virus that carries gene for protein E1A which binds to retinoblastoma protein, pRb.

Introduction:

Adenoviruses are defined as medium-sized and non-enveloped virus. They are composed of icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains double stranded DNA genome. They can cause infections in lining of eyes, airways and lungs, intestine, urinary tract and so on.

Answer 12

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

Answer 13

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The following statement “an important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their cell-type specificity”.

Introduction:

Oncogenes are a type of gene that are capable of causing cancer. In tumor cells, such genes are mutated and expressed at high levels. They are sequence of DNA which is altered or mutated from its original form.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 12 - Prob. 1P Ch. 12 - Prob. 2P Ch. 12 - Prob. 3P Ch. 12 - Prob. 4P Ch. 12 - Prob. 5P Ch. 12 - Prob. 6P Ch. 12 - Prob. 7P Ch. 12 - Prob. 8P Ch. 12 - Prob. 9P Ch. 12 - Prob. 10P

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