Chapter 12, Problem 12.90QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The kinds of existing attractive forces that must be overcome in order to boil liquid ammonia, have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The trends of increase and decrease in the boiling points are only due to the strength of the intermolecular forces that are acting between the molecules of the given compounds.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the greater will be the boiling and melting points whereas if the intermolecular forces are weaker, the lower will be the melting and boiling points.

The attractive forces are the Intermolecular forces.

Depending upon the type of species involved, the intermolecular forces can be classified as follows:

• Dipole-Dipole interactions.
• Ion-Dipole interactions.
• Dipole-induced dipole interactions.
• Ion-induced dipole interactions.
• Dispersion forces.
• Hydrogen bonding.
• Dipole-Dipole interaction is the interaction between two polar molecules which have net dipole moments.
• Ion-Dipole interaction is the interaction between an ionic species (such as cation or anion) and a polar molecule.
• Dipole-induced dipole is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and a polar molecule. In this interaction, a polar molecule induces its dipole moment to a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Ion-induced dipole interaction is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and an ionic species. In this interaction, an ionic species such as cation or anion, induces dipole in a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Dispersion force is the interaction between non-polar molecules.
• Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction in a polar bond which has hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom such as Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine. Hydrogen bonding can also be defined as coulombic attraction between the hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The kinds of existing attractive forces that must be overcome to melt solid phosphorus $\left({\text{P}}_{\text{4}}\right)$, have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The trends of increase and decrease in the boiling points are only due to the strength of the intermolecular forces that are acting between the molecules of the given compounds.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the greater will be the boiling and melting points whereas if the intermolecular forces are weaker, the lower will be the melting and boiling points.

The attractive forces are the Intermolecular forces.

Depending upon the type of species involved, the intermolecular forces can be classified as follows:

• Dipole-Dipole interactions.
• Ion-Dipole interactions.
• Dipole-induced dipole interactions.
• Ion-induced dipole interactions.
• Dispersion forces.
• Hydrogen bonding.
• Dipole-Dipole interaction is the interaction between two polar molecules which have net dipole moments.
• Ion-Dipole interaction is the interaction between an ionic species (such as cation or anion) and a polar molecule.
• Dipole-induced dipole is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and a polar molecule. In this interaction, a polar molecule induces its dipole moment to a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Ion-induced dipole interaction is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and an ionic species. In this interaction, an ionic species such as cation or anion, induces dipole in a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Dispersion force is the interaction between non-polar molecules.
• Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction in a polar bond which has hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom such as Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine. Hydrogen bonding can also be defined as coulombic attraction between the hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The kinds of existing attractive forces that must be overcome to dissolve $\text{CsI}$ in liquid $\text{HF}$, have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The trends of increase and decrease in the boiling points are only due to the strength of the intermolecular forces that are acting between the molecules of the given compounds.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the greater will be the boiling and melting points whereas if the intermolecular forces are weaker, the lower will be the melting and boiling points.

The attractive forces are the Intermolecular forces.

Depending upon the type of species involved, the intermolecular forces can be classified as follows:

• Dipole-Dipole interactions.
• Ion-Dipole interactions.
• Dipole-induced dipole interactions.
• Ion-induced dipole interactions.
• Dispersion forces.
• Hydrogen bonding.
• Dipole-Dipole interaction is the interaction between two polar molecules which have net dipole moments.
• Ion-Dipole interaction is the interaction between an ionic species (such as cation or anion) and a polar molecule.
• Dipole-induced dipole is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and a polar molecule. In this interaction, a polar molecule induces its dipole moment to a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Ion-induced dipole interaction is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and an ionic species. In this interaction, an ionic species such as cation or anion, induces dipole in a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Dispersion force is the interaction between non-polar molecules.
• Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction in a polar bond which has hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom such as Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine. Hydrogen bonding can also be defined as coulombic attraction between the hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The kinds of existing attractive forces that must be overcome to melt potassium metal, have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The trends of increase and decrease in the boiling points are only due to the strength of the intermolecular forces that are acting between the molecules of the given compounds.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the greater will be the boiling and melting points whereas if the intermolecular forces are weaker, the lower will be the melting and boiling points.

The attractive forces are the Intermolecular forces.

Depending upon the type of species involved, the intermolecular forces can be classified as follows:

• Dipole-Dipole interactions.
• Ion-Dipole interactions.
• Dipole-induced dipole interactions.
• Ion-induced dipole interactions.
• Dispersion forces.
• Hydrogen bonding.
• Dipole-Dipole interaction is the interaction between two polar molecules which have net dipole moments.
• Ion-Dipole interaction is the interaction between an ionic species (such as cation or anion) and a polar molecule.
• Dipole-induced dipole is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and a polar molecule. In this interaction, a polar molecule induces its dipole moment to a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Ion-induced dipole interaction is the interaction between an atom (non- polar species) and an ionic species. In this interaction, an ionic species such as cation or anion, induces dipole in a non-polar species which lacks dipole moment.
• Dispersion force is the interaction between non-polar molecules.
• Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction in a polar bond which has hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom such as Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine. Hydrogen bonding can also be defined as coulombic attraction between the hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.