Chapter 12, Problem 12.8P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The phase change when a diamond film forms on a surface from gaseous carbon atoms in a vacuum is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

When a solid phase is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When gas is sublimed it changes directly to the solid phase and when a solid is deposited it converts directly to the gas phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Deposition}}{\overset{\text{Sublimation}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The phase change when mothballs in a bureau drawer disappear over time is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

When a solid phase is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When gas is sublimed it changes directly to the solid phase and when a solid is deposited it converts directly to the gas phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Deposition}}{\overset{\text{Sublimation}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The phase change when molten iron from a blast furnace is cast into ingots is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

When a solid phase is converted into a liquid phase and when a liquid freeze it changes to a solid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Solid}\underset{\text{Freezing}}{\overset{\text{Melting}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Liquid}$

When a liquid is vaporized it changes into the gaseous phase and when a gas condenses it converts to the liquid phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Liquid}\underset{\text{Condensation}}{\overset{\text{Vaporization}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Gas}$

When gas is sublimed it changes directly to the solid phase and when a solid is deposited it converts directly to the gas phase. The phase changes can be expressed as follows:

$\text{Gas}\underset{\text{Deposition}}{\overset{\text{Sublimation}}{\rightleftarrows }}\text{Solid}$