Chapter 12, Problem 12.49PAE

In the following equilibrium in a closed system, indicate how the equilibrium is shifted by the indicated stress:

$\text{HF}\left(\text{g}\right)+{\text{ H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\left(l\right)\rightleftarrows {\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{+}+\left(\text{aq}\right)+{\text{ F}}^{-}\text{(aq})$

(a) Additional HF(g) is added to the system.

(b) Water is added.

(c) Ca(NO₃)₂ solution is added, and CaF₂ precipitates.

(d) The volume is reduced.

(e) KOH is added.

(f) A catalyst is added.