The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined. Ca 2 + or Ca Concept introduction: The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces. Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 12.48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

Ca2+ or Ca

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CH3CH3 or CH3CH2CH3

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The species among the following pair that has the greater polarizability is to be determined.

CCl4 or CF4

Concept introduction:

The electron cloud around an atom and molecules gets distorted when the external electric field is applied. Polarizability is the measure of that distortion of the electron cloud in the presence of the electric field. This distortion is responsible for the generation of the dipole in nonpolar molecules and leads to dispersion forces.

Polarizability is directly related to size and therefore increases with increase in size. The pi electrons can be easily polarized as compared to sigma electrons and therefore compounds with pi bonds has greater polarizability than compounds with sigma bonds.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.1AFP Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.1BFP Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.2AFP Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.2BFP Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.3AFP Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 12.3BFP Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 12.4AFP Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 12.4BFP Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 12.5AFP Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 12.5BFP

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Chapter 12 Solutions