(a) Interpretation: Among the given series of atoms or ions, the species that has the smallest size is to be identified. Concept Introduction: The total distance that exists between the nucleus and the valence shell electrons of an atom is known to be the atomic size or atomic radius of that atom. According to the periodic table, the atomic size increases while going down the group and decreases while moving left to right in the period. The ionic radius also increases while going down the group and decreases while moving left to right in the period.

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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 121AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Among the given series of atoms or ions, the species that has the smallest size is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The total distance that exists between the nucleus and the valence shell electrons of an atom is known to be the atomic size or atomic radius of that atom. According to the periodic table, the atomic size increases while going down the group and decreases while moving left to right in the period.

The ionic radius also increases while going down the group and decreases while moving left to right in the period.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Among the given series of atoms or ions, the species that has the largest ionization energy is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The energy that is required to eliminate an electron from a neutral atom is known as ionization energy.

According to the periodic table, the ionization energy decreases down the group and it increases while moving left to right in the period.

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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

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