Chapter 12, Problem 103AP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by sodium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by sodium is ${\text{Na}}^{+}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of sodium, $\text{Na}$ is 11. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{Na:}[{\text{Ne]3s}}^1$

The total number of valence electron in sodium = 1

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 1 electron present in the valence shell that is ${\text{3s}}^1$ and results in the formation of sodium cation, ${\text{Na}}^{+}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{Na}}^{+}$ is:

${\text{Na}}^{+}\text{:}[{\text{Ne]3s}}^0$

${\text{Na}}^{+}\text{:}[\text{Ne]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by iodine should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by iodine is ${\text{I}}^{-}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of iodine, $\text{I}$ is 53. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{I:}{\text{[Kr]4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{5}}$

The total number of valence electron in iodine = 7

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration, it gains 1 electron results in the formation of iodine anion, ${\text{I}}^{-}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{I}}^{-}$ is:

${\text{I}}^{-}\text{:}{\text{[Kr]4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{6}}$

${\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\text{:}\text{[Xe]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by potassium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by potassium is ${\text{K}}^{+}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of potassium, $\text{K}$ is 19. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{K:}{\text{[Ar]4s}}^1$

The total number of valence electron in potassium = 1

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 1 electron present in the valence shell that is ${\text{4s}}^1$ and results in the formation of potassium cation, ${\text{K}}^{+}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{K}}^{\text{+}}$ is:

${\text{K}}^{+}\text{:}{\text{[Ar]4s}}^0$

${\text{K}}^{+}\text{:}\text{[Ar]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by calcium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by calcium is ${\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of calcium, $\text{Ca}$ is 20. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{Ca:}{\text{[Ar]4s}}^2$

The total number of valence electron in calcium = 2

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 2 electrons present in the valence shell that is ${\text{4s}}^2$ and results in the formation of calcium cation, ${\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}$ is:

${\text{Ca}}^{2+}\text{:}{\text{[Ar]4s}}^0$

${\text{Ca}}^{2+}\text{:}\text{[Ar]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by sulfur should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by sulfur is ${\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of sulfur, $\text{S}$ is 16. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{S:}{\text{[Ne]3s}}^2{\text{3p}}^4$

The total number of valence electron in sulfur = 6

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration, it gains 2 electrons and results in the formation of sulphur anion, ${\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}$ is:

${\text{S}}^{2-}\text{:}{\text{[Ne]3s}}^2{\text{3p}}^6$

${\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}\text{:}\text{[Ar]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by magnesium should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by magnesium is ${\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of magnesium, $\text{Mg}$ is 12. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{Mg:}{\text{[Ne]3s}}^2$

The total number of valence electron in magnesium = 2

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 2 electrons present in the valence shell that is ${\text{3s}}^2$ and results in the formation of magnesium cation, ${\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}$ is:

${\text{Mg}}^{2+}\text{:}{\text{[Ne]3s}}^0$

${\text{Mg}}^{2+}\text{:}\text{[Ne]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by aluminum should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by aluminium is ${\text{Al}}^{\text{3+}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of aluminium, $\text{Al}$ is 13. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{Al:}{\text{[Ne]3s}}^2{\text{3p}}^1$

The total number of valence electron in aluminum = 3

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration it loses 2 electrons present in the valence shell that is ${\text{3s}}^2{\text{3p}}^1$ and results in the formation of magnesium cation, ${\text{Al}}^{\text{3+}}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{Al}}^{\text{3+}}$ is:

${\text{Al}}^{3+}\text{:}{\text{[Ne]3s}}^0{\text{3p}}^0$

${\text{Al}}^{3+}\text{:}\text{[Ne]}$.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The simple ion most commonly formed by nitrogen should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom which results in the formation of cation or anion respectively.

Answer to Problem 103AP

The simple ion most commonly formed by nitrogen is ${\text{N}}^{\text{3-}}$.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of ion takes place either by loss of electron or gaining of electron by an atom. The transfer of electron by an atom takes place in order to attain the stability in nature by completing their octet that is to possess eight electrons in their valence shell and attain the configuration of noble gases. The gaining of electron(s) from an atom results in the formation of anion whereas the cation results from the loss of electron(s) from an atom.

The metal generally loses electrons whereas non-metal generally gains electrons.

• The atomic number of nitrogen, $\text{N}$ is 7. The electronic configuration is:.

$\text{N:}{\text{[He]2s}}^2{\text{2p}}^3$

The total number of valence electron in nitrogen = 5

So, in order to attain the noble gas configuration, it gains 3 and results in the formation of nitrogen anion, ${\text{N}}^{\text{3-}}$. The electronic configuration of ${\text{N}}^{\text{3-}}$ is:

${\text{N}}^{3-}\text{:}{\text{[He]2s}}^2{\text{2p}}^6$

${\text{N}}^{3-}\text{:}\text{[Ne]}$.