Chapter 11.3, Problem 9P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of stereoisomers that formed in the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Isomer:

The compound is having same molecular formula but the arrangement of the atom is different is called isomer.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on one reactant, which is involved in reaction is called unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction, formation of carbocation by reliving of leaving group from reactant is the first step and second step is addition nucleophile to carbocation.

The rate determination step is formation of carbocation.

The stability order of carbocation is,

Tertiary > Secondary > Primary

Therefore, tertiary alcohols undergo substitution very fast than the secondary alcohols because tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary carbocation than the primary carbocation. Primary alcohol is less stable therefore it won’t undergoes ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ substitution reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends on reactant as well as nucleophile, which are involved in reaction is called bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction, the reliving of leaving group from reactant and nucleophilic of attack takes place simultaneously.

Reactant and nucleophile are present at the rate determination step.

The order of species involving in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is,

Tertiary < Secondary < Primary

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of stereoisomers that formed in the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Isomer:

The compound is having same molecular formula but the arrangement of the atom is different is called isomer.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on one reactant, which is involved in reaction is called unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction, formation of carbocation by reliving of leaving group from reactant is the first step and second step is addition nucleophile to carbocation.

The rate determination step is formation of carbocation.

The stability order of carbocation is,

Tertiary > Secondary > Primary

Therefore, tertiary alcohols undergo substitution very fast than the secondary alcohols because tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary carbocation than the primary carbocation. Primary alcohol is less stable therefore it won’t undergoes ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ substitution reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends on reactant as well as nucleophile, which are involved in reaction is called bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction, the reliving of leaving group from reactant and nucleophilic of attack takes place simultaneously.

Reactant and nucleophile are present at the rate determination step.

The order of species involving in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is,

Tertiary < Secondary < Primary

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of stereoisomers that formed in the given reaction should be given.

Concept introduction:

Isomer:

The compound is having same molecular formula but the arrangement of the atom is different is called isomer.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on one reactant, which is involved in reaction is called unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction, formation of carbocation by reliving of leaving group from reactant is the first step and second step is addition nucleophile to carbocation.

The rate determination step is formation of carbocation.

The stability order of carbocation is,

Tertiary > Secondary > Primary

Therefore, tertiary alcohols undergo substitution very fast than the secondary alcohols because tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary carbocation than the primary carbocation. Primary alcohol is less stable therefore it won’t undergoes ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ substitution reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends on reactant as well as nucleophile, which are involved in reaction is called bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction, the reliving of leaving group from reactant and nucleophilic of attack takes place simultaneously.

Reactant and nucleophile are present at the rate determination step.

The order of species involving in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is,

Tertiary < Secondary < Primary

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Isomer:

The compound is having same molecular formula but the arrangement of the atom is different is called isomer.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on one reactant, which is involved in reaction is called unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction, formation of carbocation by reliving of leaving group from reactant is the first step and second step is addition nucleophile to carbocation.

The rate determination step is formation of carbocation.

The stability order of carbocation is,

Tertiary > Secondary > Primary

Therefore, tertiary alcohols undergo substitution very fast than the secondary alcohols because tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary carbocation than the primary carbocation. Primary alcohol is less stable therefore it won’t undergoes ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ substitution reaction.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$reaction:

In the nucleophilic substitution reaction, the rate of reaction depends on reactant as well as nucleophile, which are involved in reaction is called bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.

In ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction, the reliving of leaving group from reactant and nucleophilic of attack takes place simultaneously.

Reactant and nucleophile are present at the rate determination step.

The order of species involving in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is,

Tertiary < Secondary < Primary