a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH 3 -O-CH 3 Interpretation: The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated. Concept introduction: The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry. To determine: The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Question

30. We will derive the forms of the molecular partition functions for atoms and molecules shortly in class, but the partition function that describes the translational and rotational motion of a homonuclear diatomic molecule is given by Itrans (V,T) = = 2πmkBT h² V grot (T) 4π²IKBT h² Where h is Planck's constant and I is molecular moment of inertia. The overall partition function is qmolec Qtrans qrot. Find the energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Helmholtz free energy for the translational and rotational modes of 1 mole of oxygen molecules and 1 mole of iodine molecules at 50 K and at 300 K and with a volume of 1 m³. Here is some useful data: Moment of inertia: I2 I 7.46 x 10- 45 kg m² 2 O2 I 1.91 x 101 -46 kg m²

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

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30. We will derive the forms of the molecular partition functions for atoms and molecules shortly in class, but the partition function that describes the translational and rotational motion of a homonuclear diatomic molecule is given by Itrans (V,T) = = 2πmkBT h² V grot (T) 4π²IKBT h² Where h is Planck's constant and I is molecular moment of inertia. The overall partition function is qmolec Qtrans qrot. Find the energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Helmholtz free energy for the translational and rotational modes of 1 mole of oxygen molecules and 1 mole of iodine molecules at 50 K and at 300 K and with a volume of 1 m³. Here is some useful data: Moment of inertia: I2 I 7.46 x 10- 45 kg m² 2 O2 I 1.91 x 101 -46 kg m²

K for each reaction step. Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. HI HaC Drawing Arrows! H3C OCH3 H 4 59°F Mostly sunny H CH3 HO O CH3 'C' CH3 Select to Add Arrows CH3 1 L H&C. OCH3 H H H H Select to Add Arrows Q Search Problem 30 of 20 H. H3C + :0: H CH3 CH3 20 H2C Undo Reset Done DELL

Draw the principal organic product of the following reaction.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

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Answer 5

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

Answer 6

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Answer 7

Chapter 1.10, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

a) The oxygen atom in dimethyl ether, CH₃-O-CH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on oxygen atom in dimethyl ether and its expected geometry.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b) The nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, CH₃-N- [CH₃]₂

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine, is to be identified. Further its expected geometry is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the molecule will not have a regular geometry.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on nitrogen atom in trimethylamine and its expected geometry.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c) The phosphorus atom in phosphine, PH₃

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be identified. Further the expected geometry of phosphorus atom in phosphine is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle and hence the geometry of the molecule will be pyramidal.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on phosphorus atom in phosphine and its expected geometry.

Answer:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the geometry will be pyramid.

Explanation:
Phosphorus atom has five electrons in its valence shell. It has formed three single bonds with three hydrogen atoms in phosphine. Therefore one lone pair of electrons remains on phosphorus atom. In phosphine the phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state. Three of the sp³ hybrid orbitals containing single electron are utilized for forming three P-H sigma bonds. The fourth sp³ hybrid orbital accommodates the lone pair of electrons and it occupy as much space as a P-H bond does. The H-P-H bond angles deviate slightly from the normal tetrahedral angle. Hence the shape is pyramidal.

Conclusion:
The phosphorus atom in phosphine has one lone pair of electrons. The phosphorus atom is in sp³ hybridized state with one orbital occupied by lone pairs of electrons. Hence the structure will be pyramidal.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d) The sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine

Interpretation:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine is to be identified and to state its expected geometry.
Concept introduction:
The electrons present in the valence shell of an atom that are not involved in bonding with other atoms are called nonbonding or lone pair of electrons. In a molecule, if an atom has only single electrons in all hybridized orbitals then the bonds formed by these orbitals will be equivalent in all respects. The molecule will thus have a regular structure. But if the atom contains single electron as well as unshared pairs of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, the orbitals with unshared pair of electrons will tend to occupy as much space as those orbitals involved in bonding. The bond angles will be slightly different from the expected bond angle.
To determine:
The number of nonbonding lone pair of electrons present on sulfur atom in the amino acid methionine and its expected geometry.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Ch. 1.3 - Give the ground-state electron configuration for...Ch. 1.3 - How many electrons does each of the following...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 3P Ch. 1.4 - Convert the following representation of ethane,...Ch. 1.4 - What are likely formulas for the following...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 6P Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 7P Ch. 1.7 - Draw a line-bond structure for propane, CH3CH2CH3....Ch. 1.7 - Convert the following molecular model of hexane, a...Ch. 1.8 - Draw a line-bond structure for propene, CH3CH=CH2....

Chapter 1 Solutions