Nutrition Through the Life Cycle (MindTap Course List)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305628007
Author: Judith E. Brown
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 11, Problem 2RQ
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Food allergy occurs by an immune system reaction that affects various organs in the body. Based on data estimation, food allergy is present in 2-8 percent of the child. It can result in life-threatening episodes of anaphylaxis. Food allergies are usually found in toddlers and preschoolers.
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- After hearing this information, should Sue and Tim feel that their chances of having a child with a cleft lip are increased over that of the general population? Sue and Tim were referred for genetic counseling after they inquired about the risk of having a child with a cleft lip. Tim was born with a mild cleft lip that was surgically repaired. He expressed concern that his future children could be at risk for a more severe form of clefting. Sue was in her 12th week of pregnancy, and both were anxious about the pregnancy because Sue had had a difficult time conceiving. The couple stated that they would not consider terminating the pregnancy for any reason but wanted to be prepared for the possibility of having a child with a birth defect. The genetic counselor took a three-generation family history from both Sue and Tim and found that Tim was the only person to have had a cleft lip. Sues family history showed no cases of cleft lip. Tim and Sue had several misconceptions about clefting, and the genetic counselor spent time explaining how cleft lips occur and some of the known causes of this birth defect. The following list summarizes the counselors discussion with the couple. Fathers, as well as mothers, can pass on genes that cause clefting. Some clefts are caused by environmental factors, meaning that the condition didnt come from the father or the mother. One child in 33 is born with some sort of birth defect. One in 700 is born with a cleft-related birth defect. Most clefts occur in boys; however, a girl can be born with a cleft. If a person (male or female) is born with a cleft, the chances of that person having a child with a cleft, given no other obvious factor, is 7 in 100. Some clefts are related to identifiable syndromes. Of those, some are autosomal dominant. A person with an autosomal dominant gene has a 50% probability of passing the gene to an offspring. Many clefts run in families even when there does not seem to be any identifiable syndrome present. Clefting seems to be related to ethnicity, occurring most often among Asians, Latinos, and Native Americans (1 : 500); next most often among persons of European ethnicity (1 : 700); and least often among persons of African origin (1 : 1,000). A cleft condition develops during the fourth to the eighth week of pregnancy. After that critical period, nothing the mother does can cause a cleft. Sometimes a cleft develops even before the mother is aware that she is pregnant. Women who smoke are twice as likely to give birth to a child with a cleft. Women who ingest large quantities of vitamin A or low quantities of folic acid are more likely to have children with a cleft. In about 70% of cases, the fetal face is clearly visible using ultrasound. Facial disorders have been detected at the 15th gestational week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be precise and reliable in diagnosing fetal craniofacial conditions.arrow_forwardIf the child showed a cleft lip through ultrasound analysis and the parents then started blaming each other (because Sue is a smoker and Tim was born with the defect), how would you counsel them? Sue and Tim were referred for genetic counseling after they inquired about the risk of having a child with a cleft lip. Tim was born with a mild cleft lip that was surgically repaired. He expressed concern that his future children could be at risk for a more severe form of clefting. Sue was in her 12th week of pregnancy, and both were anxious about the pregnancy because Sue had had a difficult time conceiving. The couple stated that they would not consider terminating the pregnancy for any reason but wanted to be prepared for the possibility of having a child with a birth defect. The genetic counselor took a three-generation family history from both Sue and Tim and found that Tim was the only person to have had a cleft lip. Sues family history showed no cases of cleft lip. Tim and Sue had several misconceptions about clefting, and the genetic counselor spent time explaining how cleft lips occur and some of the known causes of this birth defect. The following list summarizes the counselors discussion with the couple. Fathers, as well as mothers, can pass on genes that cause clefting. Some clefts are caused by environmental factors, meaning that the condition didnt come from the father or the mother. One child in 33 is born with some sort of birth defect. One in 700 is born with a cleft-related birth defect. Most clefts occur in boys; however, a girl can be born with a cleft. If a person (male or female) is born with a cleft, the chances of that person having a child with a cleft, given no other obvious factor, is 7 in 100. Some clefts are related to identifiable syndromes. Of those, some are autosomal dominant. A person with an autosomal dominant gene has a 50% probability of passing the gene to an offspring. Many clefts run in families even when there does not seem to be any identifiable syndrome present. Clefting seems to be related to ethnicity, occurring most often among Asians, Latinos, and Native Americans (1 : 500); next most often among persons of European ethnicity (1 : 700); and least often among persons of African origin (1 : 1,000). A cleft condition develops during the fourth to the eighth week of pregnancy. After that critical period, nothing the mother does can cause a cleft. Sometimes a cleft develops even before the mother is aware that she is pregnant. Women who smoke are twice as likely to give birth to a child with a cleft. Women who ingest large quantities of vitamin A or low quantities of folic acid are more likely to have children with a cleft. In about 70% of cases, the fetal face is clearly visible using ultrasound. Facial disorders have been detected at the 15th gestational week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be precise and reliable in diagnosing fetal craniofacial conditions.arrow_forwardList three reasons a breastfeeding mother may develop mastitis.arrow_forward
- What are Bruces options at this point? Bruce and his parents moved to a semi-tropical region of the United States when he was about 3 years old. He loved to be outside year-round and swim, surf, snorkel, and play baseball. Bruce was fair-skinned, and in his childhood years, was sunburned quite often. In his teen years, he began using sunscreens, and although he never tanned very much, he did not have the painful sunburns of his younger years. After graduation from the local community college, Bruce wanted an outdoor job and was hired at a dive shop. He took people out to one of the local reefs to snorkel and scuba dive. He didnt give a second thought to sun exposure because he used sunscreen. His employer did not provide health insurance, so Bruce did not go for annual checkups, and tried to stay in good health. In his late 20s, Bruce was injured trying to keep a tourist from getting caught between the dive boat and the dock. He went to an internist, who treated his injury and told Bruce he was going to give him a complete physical exam. During the exam, the internist noticed a discolored patch of skin on Bruces back. She told him that she suspected Bruce had skin cancer and referred him to a dermatologist, who biopsied the patch. At a follow-up visit, Bruce was told that he had melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer. Further testing revealed that the melanoma had spread to his liver and his lungs. The dermatologist explained that treatment options at this stage are limited. The drugs available for chemotherapy have only temporary effects, and surgery is not effective for melanoma at this stage. The dermatologist recommended that Bruce consider entering a clinical trial that was testing a DNA vaccine for melanoma treatment. These vaccines deliver DNA encoding a gene expressed by the cancer cells to the immune system. This primes the immune system to respond by producing large quantities of antibodies that destroy melanoma cells wherever they occur in the body. A clinical trial using one such DNA vaccine was being conducted at a nearby medical center, and Bruce decided to participate. At the study clinic, Bruce learned that he would be in a Phase Ill trial, comparing the DNA vaccine against the standard treatment, which is chemotherapy, and that he would be randomly assigned to receive either the DNA vaccine or the chemotherapy. He was disappointed to learn this. He thought he would be receiving the DNA vaccine.arrow_forwardA/An _____________________________ diagnosis is also known as a rule out.arrow_forward
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