Pearson eText Biology: Science for Life -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780135214084
Author: Colleen Belk, Virginia Maier
Publisher: PEARSON+
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 2AAATB
DNA is not the only molecule that is used to test for evolutionary relationships among organisms. Proteins can also be used, and the sequences of their building blocks (called amino acids) can be compared in much the same way that DNA sequences are compared. Cytochrome c is a protein found in nearly all living organisms; it functions in the transformation of energy within cells. The percentage difference in amino acid sequence between humans and other organisms can be summarized as follows:
Draw the evolutionary tree implied by these data that illustrates the relationship between humans and the other organisms listed.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
The table below shows short DNA sequences from a gene in a closely related group of dragons, as well as their close relative, the Winged Ground Lizard. Assume each change in the DNA sequence evolved only once. Draw a phylogenetic tree that represents the relationship among the dragon species, as well as the Winged Ground Lizard. Indicate the locations on the tree where there is a change in the DNA sequence and indicate the site position and what the change is
Which statement about genome evolution is false?
Mutations at the ends of introns are less likely than in the middle of an intron.
Synonymous mutations rates are much higher than nonsynonymous mutation rates.
Psuedogenes show high rates of mutations.
Comparison of the mutational change in a specific gene can be used as a molecular clock to date evolutionary events between species.
Evolution in a gene sequence will occur the fastest in regions that have the greatest effect on function.
A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The cladogram currently shows humans and chimpanzees with a more recent common ancestor compared to gorillas. Which piece of evidence, if true, would most likely weaken this hypothesis?
Amino acid analysis of the cytochrome shows significant differences in the sequence of amino acids between humans and goriffas.
DNA sequence analysis of the hemoglobin alpha gene shows that humans and chimpanzees have a more similar sequence to each other than they do to the gorilla's DNA sequence.
The cells of the eye in embryos of gorillas and humans follow a similar pattern of development chimpanzee embryos are different
Fossils of humans appear in deeper sedimentary rock layers compared to fossils of chimpanzees.
Chapter 11 Solutions
Pearson eText Biology: Science for Life -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Ch. 11 - What observations did Darwin make on the Galapagos...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2LTBCh. 11 - Prob. 3LTBCh. 11 - In science, a theory is a(n) ___________. educated...Ch. 11 - The theory of common descent states that all modem...Ch. 11 - Prob. 6LTBCh. 11 - Prob. 7LTBCh. 11 - Even though marsupial mammals give birth to live...Ch. 11 - Prob. 9LTBCh. 11 - Which of the following taxonomic levels contains...
Ch. 11 - Prob. 1AAATBCh. 11 - DNA is not the only molecule that is used to test...Ch. 11 - Look at the tree you generated for question 2. It...Ch. 11 - Search for the biology learning standards...Ch. 11 - Humans and chimpanzees are more similar to each...Ch. 11 - The science that you learned in this chapter has...
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
True or false? Some trails are considered vestigial because they existed long ago.
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Why do scientists think that all forms of life on earth have a common origin?
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Describe the role and impact of microbes on the earth.
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
On what molecule does the anticodon appear? Explain the role of this molecule in protein synthesis.
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Gregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded that some inherited factors were responsible for the patterns ...
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Scientists conducted research to examine the evolutionary relationship between 10 bird species and an alligator species. They isolated the amounts of the dinucleotides cytosine and guanine found in the genomic DNA of each species. The graph shows the traditional taxonomic groups of the bird species used and the average percentage of dinucleotides in their DNA. Which of the following statements is best supported by the DNA evidence? A - Gamebirds likely evolved after non-perching birds. B - A bird’s ability to fly may be linked to its dinucleotide percentage. C - The dinucleotide percentages demonstrate coevolution of all species. D - Non-perching birds are more similar genetically to alligators than flightless birds.arrow_forwardBased on their anatomical and behavioral differences, biologists previously placed humans and chimpanzees in different families, but now DNA sequence data suggest that they are closely related and should be placed in the same family. What are some advantages of using DNA sequences to decide how to classify organisms? What might be some disadvantages?arrow_forwardSpirochaetes are free-living, anaerobic bacteria that contain spiral-shaped cells. Nematodes are roundworms that are incredibly diverse and, as a group, have adapted to survive in all environments. Which of the following statements accurately describes the DNA of both groups? * The spirochaete genome is smaller than the nematode genome. Nematode DNA is circular. Spirochaete chromosomes are composed of just DNA while nematode chromosomes also include specialized proteins. O Spirochaete DNA is linear.arrow_forward
- DNA-DNA hybridization studies in the 1960s demonstrated that common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus), are most closely related to which of the following non-chimpanzee primate species (sharing about 98% of protein-coding nucleotides)? the agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis) the human (Homo sapiens) the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) the olive baboon (Papio anubis) 7. Which of the following mobile genetic elements is a retrotransposon, making up about 10% of the human genome, but no longer codes for a functional gene product (and is therefore a “pseudogene”)? the LINE-1 element (repeated up to 50,000 times in the human genome) the DNA-only transposons known as “jumping genes” (in corn) the avocado sunblotch viroid the typical transposon found in a bacterial chromosome the Alu sequence (repeated up to 1,000,000 times in the human genome) . Which of the following self-replicating biological agents carries only one…arrow_forwardThe most important feature that enables a gene to act as a molecular clock is Group of answer choices: a recent origin by a gene duplication event a large number of base pairs in the genome being acted upon by natural selection a reliable average rate of mutationarrow_forwardWhich statement about molecular clocks is false? They must be calibrated with independent sources of data. They can be developed using amino acid sequence data. They are used to estimate the timing of past evolutionary events. They can be used for recent dates as well as for ancient dates. They display the same rate of change for all DNA molecules.arrow_forward
- Would a protein encoded on the core genome or one encoded only on the pan-genome be best to use in constructing a phylogenetic tree? Explain your answerarrow_forwardThe universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forwardBriefly discuss the differences in how a selectionist (one that believes that Natural Selection is a strong evolutionary force) and a neutralist (one that believes that genetic drift is a strong evolutionary force) views the following: molecular clock, evolution of coding sequences, evolution of "pseudogenes".arrow_forward
- A scientist is attempting to build a cladogram that shows the evolutionary closeness of three organisms in relation to humans. After doing DNA analysis, they determine that the organisms share the following percentages of DNA: Organism A and humans share 85% of their DNA. Organism B and humans share 80% of their DNA. Organism C and humans share 90% of their DNA. Based on this information, which order should they go on the cladogram (from least related to most related)?arrow_forwardResearchers studied the effects of artificial selection on largemouth bass. The fish are bred in fisheries to have the desired trait of a high vulnerability rate (HVR) so they are easily caught by human anglers, and then released in artificial ponds and lakes that allow recreational fishing. Within three generations, a fishery can produce a population saturated with members that have the HVR trait in the study. Researchers compared the health of three groups of fish, as measured by the time it took them to recover after exercise: fish with HVR, fish with a low vulnerability rate (LVR), and a control group of wild fish. Each groups' cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume are represented in the graph. 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Control LV HV Group of Fish Does the practice of artificial selection in fisheries of largemouth bass for a greater frequency of members with HVR affect the variability in their heart rate, and why? No, artificial selection produces fish with the HVR trait…arrow_forwardMolecular marker is used to determine relatedness of species which may directly or indirectly exerts an effect on diversity. A hypothetical ancestor has the following DNA sequences: G A A G C T A T T C A T T. There are two lineage with DNA sequences of G A A G G T A T T C T C G, and G A A C C T A T T C T G C. (1) Determine the percentage of A and T in the DNA sequence of the hypothetical ancestor. (2) Calculate the percentage of each nitrogenous base in the second lineage.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
The Evolution of Populations: Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRWXEMlI0_U;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
The Evolution of Humans | Evolution | Biology | FuseSchool; Author: FuseSchool - Global Education;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vf_dDp7drFg;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY