Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field. If a sports writer wanted to compare home run totals from the steroids era to an earlier decade, say the 1960s, explain why this would be an observational study. Could the writer conclude that it was the steroids that caused the increase in home runs? Why or why not?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1E

Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field. If a sports writer wanted to compare home run totals from the steroids era to an earlier decade, say the 1960s, explain why this would be an observational study. Could the writer conclude that it was the steroids that caused the increase in home runs? Why or why not?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1E

Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field. If a sports writer wanted to compare home run totals from the steroids era to an earlier decade, say the 1960s, explain why this would be an observational study. Could the writer conclude that it was the steroids that caused the increase in home runs? Why or why not?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1E

Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field. If a sports writer wanted to compare home run totals from the steroids era to an earlier decade, say the 1960s, explain why this would be an observational study. Could the writer conclude that it was the steroids that caused the increase in home runs? Why or why not?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1E

Steroids The 1990s and early 2000s could be considered the steroids era in Major League Baseball, as many players have admitted to using the drug to increase performance on the field. If a sports writer wanted to compare home run totals from the steroids era to an earlier decade, say the 1960s, explain why this would be an observational study. Could the writer conclude that it was the steroids that caused the increase in home runs? Why or why not?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

To determine

The reason for the study to be an observational study.

Check whether it is possible to conclude that steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer 12

Answer to Problem 1E

The given study is a retrospective observational study.

No, it is not possible to conclude that the steroids caused an increase in homeruns.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

A researcher’s wish is to examine the effect of steroids in major league baseball; in general, it is known that most of the players take steroids to increase the performance in the field. For this, the sports writer compares the homeruns and steroids intake from the 1960’s.

Justification:

Observational study:

An observational study measures the values of a variable without influencing the values of response variables and explanatory variables. Thus, in an observational study, researchers can observe the behaviors of the individuals without influencing the outcome of that study.

Here, the researcher ask the individual players whether they take steroids or not and observes their homerun totals. The researchers do not influence the individuals to take steroids but merely observe.

Hence, this is an observational study.

Here, there is a relationship between steroids and homerun totals.

Causation:

If one event is the result of the occurrence of other event, then the variables of the two events are said to be under causation. In other words, it can be said that a causal relationship exists between the two variables.

Even though there is an association between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”, the association between the two variables does not infer that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in other variables.

Moreover, the most important thing is that correlation between the two variables does not substantiate the causation.

Lurking variable:

The lurking variable is a type of extraneous variable which is not accounted for under the study. However, it may affect response variables or explanatory variables.

There is a chance for the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals” to not have direct association. The association exists through the lurking variable.

In general case, there is a possibility for the existence of a lurking variable which will be associated with both the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Therefore, the steroids do not cause homeruns.

Thus, there is no causation between the variables “steroids” and “homerun totals”.

Answer 14

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