Chapter 11, Problem 115AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, based on its location on the periodic table is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The distribution of the electrons that exists in the atomic orbital of an atom is collectively known as electronic configuration. The description of every electron in an orbital is given by the electronic configuration of that atom. The noble gas configuration is also known as shorthand electronic configuration.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as valence electrons. The outermost shell of an atom is known as valence shell. The valence electrons are more loosely held than the electrons which are closer to the nucleus.

Answer to Problem 115AP

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, nickel, is $\left[\text{Ar}\right]\underset{\_}{3{\text{d}}^{8}4{\text{s}}^2}$.

Explanation of Solution

The valence shell electronic configuration of nickel is underlined in the actual shorthand configuration of nickel which is shown as,

$\left[\text{Ar}\right]\underset{\_}{3{\text{d}}^{8}4{\text{s}}^2}$

The valence shell electronic configuration of nickel that has atomic number equal to $\text{Z}=28$ is $3{\text{d}}^{8}4{\text{s}}^2$. Hence, it is clear that nickel contains ten electrons as the valence electrons in its outermost shells.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, based on its location on the periodic table is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The distribution of the electrons that exists in the atomic orbital of an atom is collectively known as electronic configuration. The description of every electron in an orbital is given by the electronic configuration of that atom. The noble gas configuration is also known as shorthand electronic configuration.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as valence electrons. The outermost shell of an atom is known as valence shell. The valence electrons are more loosely held than the electrons which are closer to the nucleus.

Answer to Problem 115AP

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, niobium, is $\left[\text{Kr}\right]\underset{\_}{4{\text{d}}^{4}5{\text{s}}^1}$.

Explanation of Solution

The valence shell electronic configuration of niobium is underlined in the actual shorthand configuration of niobium which is shown as,

$\left[\text{Kr}\right]\underset{\_}{4{\text{d}}^{4}5{\text{s}}^1}$

The valence shell electronic configuration of niobium that has atomic number equal to $\text{Z}=41$ is $4{\text{d}}^{4}5{\text{s}}^1$. Hence, it is clear that niobium contains five electrons as the valence electrons in its outermost shells.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, based on its location on the periodic table is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The distribution of the electrons that exists in the atomic orbital of an atom is collectively known as electronic configuration. The description of every electron in an orbital is given by the electronic configuration of that atom. The noble gas configuration is also known as shorthand electronic configuration.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as valence electrons. The outermost shell of an atom is known as valence shell. The valence electrons are more loosely held than the electrons which are closer to the nucleus.

Answer to Problem 115AP

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, hafnium, is $\left[\text{Xe}\right]4{\text{f}}^{14}\underset{\_}{5{\text{d}}^{2}6{\text{s}}^2}$.

Explanation of Solution

The valence shell electronic configuration of hafnium is underlined in the actual shorthand configuration of hafnium which is shown as,

$\left[\text{Xe}\right]4{\text{f}}^{14}\underset{\_}{5{\text{d}}^{2}6{\text{s}}^2}$

The valence shell electronic configuration of hafnium that has atomic number equal to $\text{Z}=72$ is $5{\text{d}}^{2}6{\text{s}}^2$. Hence, it is clear that hafnium contains four electrons as the valence electrons in its outermost shells.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, based on its location on the periodic table is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

The distribution of the electrons that exists in the atomic orbital of an atom is collectively known as electronic configuration. The description of every electron in an orbital is given by the electronic configuration of that atom. The noble gas configuration is also known as shorthand electronic configuration.

The electrons that are present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as valence electrons. The outermost shell of an atom is known as valence shell. The valence electrons are more loosely held than the electrons which are closer to the nucleus.

Answer to Problem 115AP

The shorthand valence shell electronic configuration of the given element, astatine, is $\left[\text{Xe}\right]4{\text{f}}^{14}5{\text{d}}^{10}\underset{\_}{6{\text{s}}^{2}6{\text{p}}^5}$.

Explanation of Solution

The valence shell electronic configuration of astatine is underlined in the actual shorthand configuration of astatine which is shown as,

$\left[\text{Xe}\right]4{\text{f}}^{14}5{\text{d}}^{10}\underset{\_}{6{\text{s}}^{2}6{\text{p}}^5}$

The valence shell electronic configuration of astatine that has atomic number equal to $\text{Z}=85$ is $6{\text{s}}^{2}6{\text{p}}^5$. Hence, it is clear that astatine contains seven electrons as the valence electrons in its outermost shells which are $6{\text{s}}^2$ and $6{\text{p}}^5$.