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(a)
Interpretation:
The hybridization of each of the numbered carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in tryptophan is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The atomic orbital is the wave function that is used to find the probability to find an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is the space around the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are supposed to be found.
Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.
Hybridization of the central atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around the central atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of sigma bonds in tryptophan is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. Both types of bonds can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. Sigma bond is stronger than the pi bond.
All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.
(c)
Interpretation:
The bond angles at points a, b and c are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The bond angle is the angle that is formed between any two non-central atoms and the central atom. It depends on the hybridization of the central atom and the lone pairs present around the atom.
Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.
Hybridization of the central atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around the central atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
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