The role of acid in the Pinacol rearrangement has to be described. Concept Introduction: Pinacol rearrangement: For all glycols Pinacol rearrangement occurs. Unsymmetrical vicinal diols reveal that –OH group that becomes protonated and leaves in the one that gives rise to more stable carbocation. Acid-catalyzed conversion of Pinacol to pinacolone followed by four step mechanism as follows, Step 1: Add proton (protonation of Pinacol using acid catalyst). Step 2: Break a bond to give a stable molecules or ions (formation of carbocation). Step 3: 1, 2-shift (migration of substituent from α- to β- carbon). Step 4: deprotonation occurs (take a proton away).

Question

The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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Question

Chapter 10.7, Problem CQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The role of acid in the Pinacol rearrangement has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Pinacol rearrangement: For all glycols Pinacol rearrangement occurs. Unsymmetrical vicinal diols reveal that –OH group that becomes protonated and leaves in the one that gives rise to more stable carbocation. Acid-catalyzed conversion of Pinacol to pinacolone followed by four step mechanism as follows,

Step 1: Add proton (protonation of Pinacol using acid catalyst).

Step 2: Break a bond to give a stable molecules or ions (formation of carbocation).

Step 3: 1, 2-shift (migration of substituent from α- to β- carbon).

Step 4: deprotonation occurs (take a proton away).

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The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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