Explanation Proof: Consider the polar coordinates r , θ : x = r cos θ y = r sin θ Then differentials are calculated as follows: d x = r ( − sin θ ) d θ + cos θ d r = − r sin θ d θ + cos θ d r d x 2 = ( − r sin θ d θ + cos θ d r ) 2 = r 2 sin 2 θ d θ 2 + cos 2 θ d r 2 − 2 r sin θ cos θ d r d θ d y = r cos θ d θ + sin θ d r d y 2 = ( r cos θ d θ + sin θ d r ) 2 = r 2 cos 2 θ d θ + sin 2 θ d r 2 + 2 r cos θ sin θ d r d θ The element d s 2 can be written as follows: d s 2 = d x 2 + d y 2 = r 2 sin 2 θ d θ 2 + cos 2 θ d r 2 − 2 r sin θ cos θ d r d θ + r 2 cos 2 θ d θ + sin 2 θ d r 2 + 2 r cos θ sin θ d r d θ = r 2 ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) d θ 2 + ( cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) d r 2 = r 2 ( 1 ) d θ 2 + ( 1 ) d r 2 = d r 2 + r 2 d θ 2 d s 2 = ( d r d θ ) ( 1 0 0 r 2 ) ( d r d θ ) If x , y are functions in variables x 1 , x 2 is orthogonal system with scale factors h 1 , h 2 then d s 2 = ( d x 1 d x 2 ) ( h 1 2 0 0 h 2 2 ) ( d x 1 d x 2 ) Compare with matrix product, the scale factors of spherical coordinate system is h 1 = h r = 1 , h 2 = h θ = r

Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences

3rd Edition

ISBN: 9780471198260

Author: Mary L. Boas

Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated

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Question

Chapter 10.10, Problem 6P

To determine

To show: in polar coordinates, the θ contra variant of ds is dθ , the θ physical component of ds is rdθ , and the θ covariant component of ds is r2dθ

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Chapter 10.10, Problem 5P

Chapter 10.10, Problem 7P

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Chapter 10 Solutions

Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences

Ch. 10.2 - Verify equations (2.6).Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 2P Ch. 10.2 - Consider the matrix A in (2.7) or (2.10). Think of...Ch. 10.2 - Any rotation of axes in three dimensions can be...Ch. 10.2 - Write equations (2.12) out in detail and solve the...Ch. 10.2 - Write the transformation equation for a 3rd-rank...Ch. 10.2 - Following what we did in equations (2.14) to...Ch. 10.2 - Write the equations in (2.16) and so in (2.17)...Ch. 10.3 - Write equations (2.11,), (2.12), (2.13), (2.14),...Ch. 10.3 - Show that the fourth expression in (3.1) is equal...

Ch. 10.3 - As we did in (3.3), show that the contracted...Ch. 10.3 - Show that the contracted tensor TijkVk is a 2nd...Ch. 10.3 - Show that TijklmSlm is a tensor and find its rank...Ch. 10.3 - Show that the sum of two 3rd -rank tensors is a...Ch. 10.3 - As in problem 6, show that the sum of two 2nd...Ch. 10.3 - Show that (3.9) follows from (3.8). Hint: Give a...Ch. 10.3 - Prove the quotient rule in each of the following...Ch. 10.3 - Prove the quotient rule in each of the following...Ch. 10.3 - Prove the quotient rule in each of the following...Ch. 10.3 - Prove the quotient rule in each of the following...Ch. 10.3 - Show that the first parenthesis in (3.5) is a...Ch. 10.4 - As in (4.3) and (4.4), find the y and z components...Ch. 10.4 - Complete Example 4 to verify the rest of the...Ch. 10.4 - As in Problem 2, complete Example 5.Ch. 10.4 - Find the inertia tensor about the origin for a...Ch. 10.4 - For the mass distributions in Problems 5 to 7,...Ch. 10.4 - For the mass distributions in Problems 5 to 7,...Ch. 10.4 - For the mass distributions in Problems 5 to 7,...Ch. 10.4 - For the mass distributions in Problems 5 to 7,...Ch. 10.5 - Verify that (5.5) agrees with a Laplace...Ch. 10.5 - Verify for a few representative cases that (5.6)...Ch. 10.5 - Show that ijklm is an isotropic tensor of rank...Ch. 10.5 - Generalize Problem 3 to see that the direct...Ch. 10.5 - Let Tjkmn be the tensor in (5.8). This is a...Ch. 10.5 - Evaluate: (a) ijjkkmim (b) ijkjk (c) jk2k2j (d)...Ch. 10.5 - Write in terms of s as in (5.8) and (5.9): (a)...Ch. 10.5 - Show that the equations (5.10) are correct. Hints:...Ch. 10.5 - (a) Finish the work of showing that the cross...Ch. 10.5 - (a) Write the triple scalar product A(BC) in...Ch. 10.5 - Using problem 10, write A(BA) in tensor notation...Ch. 10.5 - Write and prove in tensor notation: (a) Chapter 6,...Ch. 10.5 - Write in tensor notation and prove the following...Ch. 10.5 - Show that the diagonal elements of an...Ch. 10.5 - Write a 4-by-4 antisymmetric matrix to show that...Ch. 10.5 - Verify that (5.16) gives (5.17). Also verify that...Ch. 10.5 - Write out the components of Tjk=AjBkAkBj to show...Ch. 10.6 - Show that in 2 dimension (say the x, y plane), an...Ch. 10.6 - In Chapter 3, we said that any 3-by-3 orthogonal...Ch. 10.6 - For Example 1, write out the components of U,V,...Ch. 10.6 - Do Example 1 and Problem 3 if the transformation...Ch. 10.6 - Write the tensor transformation equations for...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 6P Ch. 10.6 - Write the transformation equations for the triple...Ch. 10.6 - Write the transformation equations for WS to...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 9P Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 10P Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 11P Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 12P Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 13P Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 14P Ch. 10.6 - In equation (5.12), find whether A(BC) is a vector...Ch. 10.6 - In equation (5.14), is (V) a vector or a...Ch. 10.6 - In equation (5.16), show that if Tjk is a tensor...Ch. 10.7 - Verify (7.1).Hints: In Figure 7.1, consider the...Ch. 10.7 - Write out the sums Pijej for each value of i and...Ch. 10.7 - Carry through the details of getting (7.4) from...Ch. 10.7 - Interpret the elements of the matrices in Chapter...Ch. 10.7 - Show by the quotient rule (Section 3) that Cijkm...Ch. 10.7 - If P and S are 2nd-rank tensors, show that 92=81...Ch. 10.7 - In (7.9) we have written the first row of elements...Ch. 10.7 - Do Problem 4.8 in tensor notation and compare the...Ch. 10.8 - Find ds2 in spherical coordinates by the method...Ch. 10.8 - Observe that a simpler way to find the velocity...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 3P Ch. 10.8 - In the text and problems so far, we have found the...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 5P Ch. 10.8 - As in Problem 1, find ds2, the scale factors, the...Ch. 10.8 - As in Problem 1, find ds2, the scale factors, the...Ch. 10.8 - As in Problem 1, find ds2, the scale factors, the...Ch. 10.8 - As in Problem 1, find ds2, the scale factors, the...Ch. 10.8 - Sketch or computer plot the coordinate surfaces in...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 11P Ch. 10.8 - Using the expression you have found for ds, and...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 13P Ch. 10.8 - Using the expression you have found for ds, and...Ch. 10.8 - Let x=u+v,y=v. Find ds, thea vectors, and ds2 for...Ch. 10.9 - Prove (9.4) in the following way. Using (9.2) with...Ch. 10.9 - Prob. 2P Ch. 10.9 - Using cylindrical coordinates write the Lagrange...Ch. 10.9 - Prob. 4P Ch. 10.9 - Write out U,V,2U, and V in spherical coordinates.Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 3 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 3 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 3 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 3 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 5 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 5 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 5 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Do Problem 5 for the coordinate systems indicated...Ch. 10.9 - Prob. 14P Ch. 10.9 - Prob. 15P Ch. 10.9 - Use equations (9.2), (9.8), and (9.11) to evaluate...Ch. 10.9 - Use equations (9.2), (9.8), and (9.11) to evaluate...Ch. 10.9 - Use equations (9.2), (9.8), and (9.18) to evaluate...Ch. 10.9 - Use equations (9.2), (9.8) and (9.11) to evaluate...Ch. 10.9 - Use equations (9.2), (9.8), and (9.11) to evaluate...Ch. 10.9 - Use equations (9.2), (9.8), and (9.11) to evaluate...Ch. 10.10 - Verify equation (10.7). Hint: Use equations (2.4)...Ch. 10.10 - From (10.1) find /x=(1/r)coscos and show that...Ch. 10.10 - Divide equation (10.4) by dt to show that the...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 4P Ch. 10.10 - Write u in polar coordinates in terms of its...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 6P Ch. 10.10 - As in (10.12), write the transformation equations...Ch. 10.10 - Using (10.15) show that gij is a 2nd-rank...Ch. 10.10 - If Ui is a contravariant vector and Vj is a...Ch. 10.10 - Show that if Vi is a contravariant vector then...Ch. 10.10 - In (10.18), show by raising and lowering indices...Ch. 10.10 - Show that in a general coordinate system with...Ch. 10.10 - Verify (10.20).Ch. 10.10 - Using equations (10.20) to (10.23), write the...Ch. 10.10 - Do Problem 14 for an orthogonal coordinate system...Ch. 10.10 - Continue Problem 8.15 to find the gij matrix and...Ch. 10.10 - Repeat Problems 8.15 and 10.16 above for the (u,v)...Ch. 10.10 - Using (10.19), show that aiai=ji.Ch. 10.11 - Show that the transformation equation for a...Ch. 10.11 - Let e1,e2,e3 be a set of orthogonal unit vectors...Ch. 10.11 - In Chapter 3, Problem 6.6, you are asked to prove...Ch. 10.11 - If E= electric field and B= magnetic field, is EB...Ch. 10.11 - Do Problems 5 to 8 for the (u,v) coordinate system...Ch. 10.11 - Do Problems 5 to 8 for the (u,v) coordinate system...Ch. 10.11 - Do Problems 5 to 8 for the (u,v) coordinate system...Ch. 10.11 - Do Problems 5 to 8 for the (u,v) coordinate system...Ch. 10.11 - If u is a vector specifying the displacement under...Ch. 10.11 - Show that elements Rij of a rotation matrix are...Ch. 10.11 - Show that the nine quantities Tij=Vi/xj (which are...Ch. 10.11 - The square matrix in equation (10.3) is called the...Ch. 10.11 - In equation (10.13) let the x variables be...

Knowledge Booster

in polar coordinates, the θ contra variant of d s is d θ , the θ physical component of d s is r d θ , and the θ covariant component of d s is r 2 d θ

Solution Summary: The author proves that in polar coordinates, the theta contra variant of

To show: in polar coordinates, the θ contra variant of ds is dθ , the θ physical component of ds is rdθ , and the θ covariant component of ds is r2dθ

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Chapter 10 Solutions