University Physics Volume 3
17th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168185
Author: William Moebs, Jeff Sanny
Publisher: OpenStax
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Chapter 10, Problem 63P
The power output of the Sun is
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The power output of the Sun is 4×10^26 W. (a) If 90% of this energy is supplied by the proton-proton chain, how many protons are consumed per second? (b) How many neutrinos per second should there be per square meter at the surface of Earth from this process?
Only part (b) is needed.
The power output of the Sun is 4 × 1026 W.
Part (a) If 93 % of this is supplied by the proton-proton cycle, how many protons are consumed per second?
Part (b) How many neutrinos per second should be incident on every square meter of the Earth from this process? This huge number is indicative of how rarely a neutrino interacts, since large detectors observe very few per day.
Protons enter a region of electric field where the potential difference between where the protons enter and exit is +5×106 volts (5 MV).
Assuming the initial energy of the protons was negligible, how much energy does the proton gain? What if we had a fully ionized carbon-12 nucleus instead?
Chapter 10 Solutions
University Physics Volume 3
Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding Nucleus X is two times...Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding If the binding energy per...Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding A radioactive nuclide has...Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding In radioactive beta...Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding Which has a larger energy...Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding Where does the energy...Ch. 10 - Check Your Understanding Radiation propagates in...Ch. 10 - Define and make clear distinctions between the...Ch. 10 - What are isotopes? Why do isotopes of the same...Ch. 10 - Explain why a bound system should have less mass...
Ch. 10 - Why is the number of neutrons greater than the...Ch. 10 - To obtain the most precise value of the binding...Ch. 10 - How is the initial activity rate of a radioactive...Ch. 10 - For the carbon dating described in this chapter,...Ch. 10 - What is the key difference and the key similarity...Ch. 10 - What is the difference between rays and...Ch. 10 - What characteristics of radioactivity show it to...Ch. 10 - Consider Figure 10.12. If the magnetic field is...Ch. 10 - Why is Earth’s core molten?Ch. 10 - Should an atomic bomb really be called nuclear...Ch. 10 - Why does a chain reaction occur dining a fission...Ch. 10 - In what way is ail atomic nucleus like a liquid...Ch. 10 - Explain the difference between nuclear fission and...Ch. 10 - Why does the fusion of light nuclei into heavier...Ch. 10 - IB. Wliv is a PET scan more accurate than a SPECT...Ch. 10 - Isotopes that emit a radiation are relatively safe...Ch. 10 - Ionizing radiation can impair the ability of a...Ch. 10 - Find the atomic numbers, mass numbers, and neutron...Ch. 10 - Silver has two stable isotopes. The nucleus,...Ch. 10 - The mass (M) and the radius (r) of a nucleus can...Ch. 10 - A particle has a mass equal to 10 u. If this mass...Ch. 10 - Find the length of a side of a cube having a mass...Ch. 10 - The detail that you can observe using a probe is...Ch. 10 - How much energy would be released if six hydrogen...Ch. 10 - Find the mass defect and the binding energy for...Ch. 10 - 56 Fe is among the most tightly bound of all...Ch. 10 - is the heaviest stable nuclide, and its BEN is low...Ch. 10 - (a) Calculate BEN for 235U, the rarer of the two...Ch. 10 - The fact that BEN peaks at roughly A = 60 implies...Ch. 10 - A sample of radioactive material is obtained from...Ch. 10 - Show that: T=1.Ch. 10 - The half-life of strondum-91, 3891Sris 9.70 h....Ch. 10 - A sample of pure carbon-14 ( T1/2=5730y ) has an...Ch. 10 - A radioactive sample initially contains 2.40102...Ch. 10 - An old campfire is uncovered during an...Ch. 10 - Calculate the activity R , in curies of 1.00 g of...Ch. 10 - Natural uranium consists of 235U(percent abundance...Ch. 10 - World War II aircraft bad instruments with glowing...Ch. 10 - , The 210Po source used in a physics laboratory is...Ch. 10 - Armor-piercing shells with depleted uranium cores...Ch. 10 - undergoes alpha decay, (a) Write the reaction...Ch. 10 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the a decay...Ch. 10 - The particles emitted in the decay of 3H (tritium)...Ch. 10 - (a) Write the complete decay equation for 90Sr, a...Ch. 10 - Write a nuclear decay reaction that produces the...Ch. 10 - Write the complete decay equation in the complete...Ch. 10 - If a 1.50-cm-thick piece of lead can absorb 90.0%...Ch. 10 - An electron can interact with a nucleus through...Ch. 10 - (a) Write the complete reaction equation for...Ch. 10 - A rare decay mode has been observed in which...Ch. 10 - A large power reactor that has been in operation...Ch. 10 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the neutron-...Ch. 10 - (a) Calculate the energy released in the neutron-...Ch. 10 - The electrical power output of a large nuclear...Ch. 10 - Find the total energy released if 1.00 kg of...Ch. 10 - Verify that the total number of nucleons, and...Ch. 10 - Calculate the energy output in each of the fusion...Ch. 10 - Show that the total energy released in the proton-...Ch. 10 - Two fusion reactions mentioned in the text are...Ch. 10 - The power output of the Sun is 41026 W. (a) If 90%...Ch. 10 - Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into...Ch. 10 - (a) Calculate the energy released by the fusion of...Ch. 10 - What is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1-Gy X-ray?...Ch. 10 - Find the radiation dose in Gy for: (a) A 10-mSv...Ch. 10 - Find the mass of 239Puthat has an activity of...Ch. 10 - In the 19805, the term picowave was used to...Ch. 10 - What is the dose in Sv in a cancer treatment that...Ch. 10 - One half the rays from 99mTcare absorbed by a...Ch. 10 - How many Gy of exposure is needed to give a...Ch. 10 - A plumber at a nuclear power plant receives a...Ch. 10 - Calculate the dose in rem/y for the lungs of a...Ch. 10 - The wiki-phony site states that the atomic mass of...Ch. 10 - A particle physicist discovers a neutral particle...Ch. 10 - A nuclear physicist finds 1.0of 236Uin a piece of...Ch. 10 - A group of scientists use carbon dating to date a...Ch. 10 - According to your lab partner, a 2.00-cm-thick...Ch. 10 - In the science section of the newspaper, an...Ch. 10 - The ceramic glaze on a red-orange “Fiestaware”...Ch. 10 - Large amounts of depleted uranium (238U)are...Ch. 10 - A piece of wood from an ancient Egyptian tomb is...Ch. 10 - This problem demonstrates that the binding energy...Ch. 10 - The Galileo space probe was launched on its long...Ch. 10 - Find the energy emitted in the decay of 60Co .Ch. 10 - Engineers are frequently called on to inspect and,...Ch. 10 - If two nuclei are to fuse in a nuclear reaction,...Ch. 10 - For the reaction, sw n+3He4He+ , find the amount...Ch. 10 - Engineers are frequently called on to inspect and,...
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- The power output of the Sun is 41026W. (a) If 90% of this is supplied by the protonproton cycle, how many protons are consumed per second? (b) How many neutrinos per second should there be per square meter at the Earth from this process? This huge number is indicative of how rarely a neutrino interacts, since large detectors observe very few per day.arrow_forwardCalculate the energy output in each of the fusion reactions in the proton-proton chain, and verify the values determined in the preceding problem.arrow_forwardVerify that the total number of nucleons, and total charge are conserved for each of the following fusion reactions in the proton-proton chain. 1H+1H2H+e++ve 1H+2H3H+ and 3He+3He4He+1H+1H . (List the value of each of the conserved quantities before and after each of the reactions.)arrow_forward
- (a) Write the decay equation for the decay of 235U. (b) What energy is released in this decay? The mass of the daughter nuclide is 231.036298 u. (c) Assuming the residual nucleus is formed in its ground state, how much energy goes to the particle?arrow_forwardThe fusion reaction shown is part of the proton-proton chain that occurs in the core of the sun. He р He He р Energy The products and reactants have the following properties: Hydrogen: m=1.007825u Helium 3: m=3.01603u Helium 4: m=4.00260u Conversion factors 1u-1.66056x10-27 kg = 931.494 MeV/c². Calculate the energy given off during this step of the reaction. Give your answer in MeV.arrow_forwardConsider an object of mass 18.9 kg. Assume that it s made up of equal numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. How many protons does this object contain? 5.66E+27 1.13E+28 2.26E+28 2.83E+27arrow_forward
- The unified atomic mass unit, denoted u, is defined to be 1 u = 1.6605 × 10-27 kg. It can be used as an approximation for the average mass of a nucleon in a nucleus, taking the binding energy into account. How much energy, in megaelectron volts, would you obtain if you completely converted a nucleus of 19 nucleons into free energy?arrow_forwardQUESTION 1 Consider an object of mass 76.4 kg. Assume that it s made up of equal numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. How many protons does this object contain? 4.58E+28 9.16E+28 1.15E+28 2.29E+28 QUESTION 2 This time your object has a mass of 12.3 kg. Now imagine taking all the protons out of the object and stuffing them into a box. Also take all the electrons out of the object and stuff them in a second box. How much charge is contained in the box with all the protons? 5.89E+08 C 1.18E+09 C 2.36E+09 C 2.95E+08 C QUESTION 3 This time your object has a mass of 62.7 kg. You separate the protons and electrons into two boxes like in the previous question. You place the boxes at a distance of 68 m apart from one another. How much force attracts the two boxes to one another? 1.75E+25 N 3.50E+25 N 7.00E+25 N 8.75E+24 N QUESTION 4 Similar…arrow_forwardIn a neutron star, gravity causes the electrons to combine with protons to form neutrons. A typical neutron star has a mass half that of the sun, compressed into a sphere of radius 20 km. If such a neutron star contains 6.0 × 1056 neutrons, calculate its density in grams per cubic centimeter.Compare this with the density inside a 232Th nucleus, in which 142 neutrons and 90 protons occupy a sphere of radius 9.1 × 10-13 cm. Take the mass of a neutron to be 1.675 × 10-24 g and that of a proton to be 1.673 × 10-24 g.arrow_forward
- A new element has been created artificially. It is named Elementy McFacium. The most common isotope of McFacium has 153 protons and 277 neutrons. The mass of this isotope of the new element is 402,188.91 MeV/c^2. What is the total mass deficit for the nucleus? Hint: The new element is not made as an ion! Use the mass of hydrogen atoms instead of protons. (Answer in atomic mass units u)arrow_forwardPlease helparrow_forward1arrow_forward
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