The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out. Concept Introduction : Hydrogenation reaction : The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated. Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H 2 in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product. Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene. Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium ( Na ) /NH 3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

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1. Base on this experimental results, how do you know that the product which you are turning in is methyl 3-nitrobenzoate(meta substituted product ) rather than either of the other two products? 2. What observation suggests that at least a small amount of one or both of the other two isomers are in the mother liquor?

Explain Huckel's rule.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

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Answer 5

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 6

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 7

Chapter 10, Problem 37PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The different alkene, alkane products formed for each given substrates when treated with a different reducing reagents are needed to be find out.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Metal reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H₂ in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.

Linder’s catalyst: The alkyne reduced to alkenes to give the cis (Z) alkene.

Metal and ammonia reaction: The alkyne involves sodium (Na)/NH3 . This end up reducing to alkyne to give the trans (E) alkene.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 1PTS Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 2ATS Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 3ATS Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 4ATS Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 5PTS Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 6ATS Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 8CC

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