Chapter 10, Problem 10A.10E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The emitted particle and the balanced nuclear reaction for the conversion of Gadolinium-148 to samarium-144 have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Alpha decay reaction:

Alpha decay or $\text{ α}$-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms into a different atomic nucleus with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The emitted particle and the balanced nuclear reaction for the conversion of F-17 to O-18 have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Positron emission reaction:

Positron emission ${\text{β}}^{\text{+}}$ is a sub type of radioactive decay called beta decay in which a positron inside a radionucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electroneutrino.  Positron emission is mediated by the weak force.

  ${}_{\text{z}}{\text{X}}^{\text{A}}{\stackrel{}{\to }}_{\text{z-1}}{\text{X}}^{\text{A}}{\text{+}}_{\text{+1}}{\text{e}}^{\text{0}}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The emitted particle and the balanced nuclear reaction for the conversion of silver-112 to cadmium-112 have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

$\beta$emission reaction:

The $\text{β}$ emission is a sub type of radioactive decay called beta decay in which a positron inside a radionucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing an electroneutrino.  Positron emission is mediated by the weak force.

  ${}_{\text{z}}{\text{X}}^{\text{A}}{\stackrel{}{\to }}_{\text{z+1}}{\text{X}}^{\text{A}}{\text{+}}_{\text{-1}}{\text{e}}^{\text{0}}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The emitted particle and the balanced nuclear reaction for the conversion of Plutonium-238 to uranium-234 have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).