Chapter 10, Problem 10.2QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape of a linear triatomic molecule, a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms, a tetrahedral molecule, a trigonal bipyramidal molecule, and an octahedral molecule should be drawn and its corresponding bond angles should be given.

Concept introduction:

• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) based on the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of electron in the bonded atomson the central atom or ion.
• There will be a deviation from the regular geometry of a molecule due to the electrostatic repulsion formed. So the bonded electrons tend to move away as far as possible so there is some deviation in regular geometry.
• So in VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom
• The geometry of the molecule is predicted by calculating steric number (SN)of the molecule
• $\text{Steric}\text{number=}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{lone}\text{pairs}\\ \text{on}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)\text{+}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{atoms}\text{bonded}\\ \text{to}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)$

To identify: The shape of a linear triatomic molecule and its corresponding bond angles.

Explanation of Solution

The shape of a linear triatomic molecule is drawn.

• According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom. The angles between two adjacent bonds are known as bond angle.
• In the case of a linear triatomic molecule, there is only one bond angle since there are only two bonds. So if there is no lone pair on the central atom, to minimize the repulsion, the bond between two atoms will become ${180}^0$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape of a linear triatomic molecule, a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms, a tetrahedral molecule, a trigonal bipyramidal molecule, and an octahedral molecule should be drawn and its corresponding bond angles should be given.

Concept introduction:

• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) based on the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of electron in the bonded atomson the central atom or ion.
• There will be a deviation from the regular geometry of a molecule due to the electrostatic repulsion formed. So the bonded electrons tend to move away as far as possible so there is some deviation in regular geometry.
• So in VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom
• The geometry of the molecule is predicted by calculating steric number (SN)of the molecule
• $\text{Steric}\text{number=}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{lone}\text{pairs}\\ \text{on}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)\text{+}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{atoms}\text{bonded}\\ \text{to}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)$

To identify: theshape of a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms and its corresponding bond angles

Explanation of Solution

The shape of a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms is drawn.

• According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom. The angles between two adjacent bonds are known as bond angle.
• In the case of a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms, there are two bond angles since there are only three bonds. So if there is no lone pair on the central atom, to minimize the repulsion, the bond between two atoms will become ${120}^0$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape of a linear triatomic molecule, a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms, a tetrahedral molecule, a trigonal bipyramidal molecule, and an octahedral molecule should be drawn and its corresponding bond angles should be given.

Concept introduction:

• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) based on the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of electron in the bonded atomson the central atom or ion.
• There will be a deviation from the regular geometry of a molecule due to the electrostatic repulsion formed. So the bonded electrons tend to move away as far as possible so there is some deviation in regular geometry.
• So in VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom
• The geometry of the molecule is predicted by calculating steric number (SN)of the molecule
• $\text{Steric}\text{number=}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{lone}\text{pairs}\\ \text{on}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)\text{+}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{atoms}\text{bonded}\\ \text{to}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)$

To identify: The shape of a tetrahedral molecule and its corresponding bond angles

Explanation of Solution

The shape of a tetrahedral molecule is drawn.

• According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom. The angles between two adjacent bonds are known as bond angle.
• In the case of a tetrahedral molecule, containing four atoms, there are four bond angles since there are only three bonds. So if there is no lone pair on the central atom, to minimize the repulsion, the bond between two atoms will become ${109.5}^0$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape of a linear triatomic molecule, a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms, a tetrahedral molecule, a trigonal bipyramidal molecule, and an octahedral molecule should be drawn and its corresponding bond angles should be given.

Concept introduction:

• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) based on the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of electron in the bonded atomson the central atom or ion.
• There will be a deviation from the regular geometry of a molecule due to the electrostatic repulsion formed. So the bonded electrons tend to move away as far as possible so there is some deviation in regular geometry.
• So in VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom
• The geometry of the molecule is predicted by calculating steric number (SN)of the molecule
• $\text{Steric}\text{number=}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{lone}\text{pairs}\\ \text{on}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)\text{+}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{atoms}\text{bonded}\\ \text{to}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)$

To identify: theshape of a trigonal bipyramidal molecule and its corresponding bond angles

Explanation of Solution

The shape of a trigonal bipyramidal molecule is drawn.

• According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom. The angles between two adjacent bonds are known as bond angle.
• In the case of a trigonal bipyramidal molecule, there are five bond angles. There are two possible bond angles for trigonal bipyramidal molecule due to two different trigonal planes. The trigonal planes where three bonds are arranged are called equatorial whereas the other two bonds that forming a perpendicular axis to the trigonal plane is called axial. So if there is no lone pair on the central atom, to minimize the repulsion, the bond between two atoms will become ${120}^0$ and ${\text{90}}^{\text{0}}$ for bond angle between the bonds formed on equatorial and axial plane respectively.
• Also bond angle formed between any of the axial bonds and the equatorial bonds is ${90}^0$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape of a linear triatomic molecule, a trigonal planar molecule containing four atoms, a tetrahedral molecule, a trigonal bipyramidal molecule, and an octahedral molecule should be drawn and its corresponding bond angles should be given.

Concept introduction:

• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) based on the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs of electron in the bonded atomson the central atom or ion.
• There will be a deviation from the regular geometry of a molecule due to the electrostatic repulsion formed. So the bonded electrons tend to move away as far as possible so there is some deviation in regular geometry.
• So in VSEPR, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom
• The geometry of the molecule is predicted by calculating steric number (SN)of the molecule
• $\text{Steric}\text{number=}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{lone}\text{pairs}\\ \text{on}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)\text{+}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{atoms}\text{bonded}\\ \text{to}\text{the}\text{central}\text{atom}\end{array}\right)$

To identify: The shape of an octahedral molecule and its corresponding bond angles

Explanation of Solution

The shape of an octahedral molecule is drawn.

• According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of the molecule is explained based on minimizing electrostatic repulsion between the molecules’ valence electrons around a central atom. The angles between two adjacent bonds are known as bond angle.
• In the case of an octahedral molecule, there are two possible bond angles for trigonal bipyramidal molecule due to two different trigonal planes. The trigonal planes where three bonds are arranged are called equatorial whereas the other two bonds that forming a perpendicular axis to the trigonal plane is called axial. So if there is no lone pair on the central atom, to minimize the repulsion, the bond between any two atoms will become ${\text{90}}^{\text{0}}$.