Chapter 10, Problem 10.26P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure and formal charge of each atom present in perchlorate ion has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis structure:  Lewis structures are diagram that shows the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.  A Lewis structure can be drawn by covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds.  Lines are drawn between atoms, which are bonded to one another.  The additional electrons that form lone pairs are represented as pairs of dots, and are placed next to the atoms.

Formal charge (F.C):  The formal charge is calculated using the formula,

  $\text{F}\text{.C=Valence}\text{electrons-No}\text{of}\text{non-bonding}\text{electrons-}\frac{\text{No}\text{of}\text{bonding}\text{electrons}}{\text{2}}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure and formal charge of each atom present in carbonate ion has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure and formal charge of each atom present in phosphate ion has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure and formal charge of each atom present in acetate ion has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).