a)
Interpretation : The independent variable and the dependent variable are to be identified.
Concept Introduction : The experiment when constructed usually deals with variables or factors that change.
a)
Answer to Problem 65A
The independent variable is the amount of salt added.
Explanation of Solution
The independent variable is that which can be modified during an experiment. It is also called a manipulated variable.
An independent variable keeps changing during an experiment whereas the dependent variable changes according to the independent variable.
According to the definition, the amount of salt added is the independent variable.
b)
Interpretation : The factors that should be kept constant during the experiment are to be named.
Concept Introduction : The experiment when constructed usually deals with variables or factors that change.
b)
Answer to Problem 65A
The dependent variable is the freezing point of salt water.
Explanation of Solution
A dependent variable is measured during an experiment. It is also called a responding variable.
An independent variable keeps changing during an experiment whereas the dependent variable changes according to the independent variable.
According to the definition, the freezing point of the salt water is the dependent variable.
c)
Interpretation : The volume of water should be the same for each test to be explained.
Concept Introduction : The experiment when constructed usually deals with variables or factors that change.
c)
Answer to Problem 65A
To avoid unnecessary confusion and to get accurate results, the volume of the water is kept constant.
Explanation of Solution
The independent variable is the one that can be modified during an experiment. It is also called a manipulated variable.
A dependent variable is measured during an experiment. It is also called a responding variable.
An independent variable keeps changing during an experiment whereas the dependent variable changes according to the independent variable.
The volume of the water should be kept constant for each of the tests. This is because if there is any volume change it also affects the freezing point since the change in volume and salt getting mixed with the volume of water differs.
To avoid unnecessary confusion and to get accurate results, the volume of the water is kept constant.
d)
Interpretation : The hypothesis supported by the data is to be explained.
Concept Introduction : A hypothesis is a theory put up to explain an observable.
d)
Answer to Problem 65A
The hypothesis supports the answer till 15 g of salt addition.
Explanation of Solution
A hypothesis is a theory put up to explain an observable. Only if it explains what is witnessed is it valuable. The hypothesis must be modified when experimental data does not support it.
Yes, the hypothesis made by the student is correct till 15 g of salt addition. The temperature of freezing decreases as the salt addition is added more and more till 15 g. But after that, there is a slight rise in freezing temperature.
To find the trend, furthermore, salts are to be added and the temperature of freezing should be noted.
Chapter 1 Solutions
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- How is Talu home quer in Org. Chemistry propose a 3-butanal prepared from ketone? complete reaction for this, (to start from the guignand Meagent. ②what pocubble products could be produced from the reaction of : CA₂ CH₂ CH₂ dil H.504 A CH3 1 OBCH₂OH Naz Cr₂ 07 12504 NazCD 4 CH3CH2 07 AzS04 H3C H3C CH3-C - C - Atz но но + H, CH3 07 > ⑦Colts C614501 + (215) 504 кон 4arrow_forwardRank the following compounds most to least acidic: a) О OH 요애 OH .OH flow flow О F F F F OH F b) Ha EN-Ha CI Ha F F CI Haarrow_forwarda) b) Provide arrows to show the mechanisms and then predict the products of the following acid base reaction. Use pKas to determine which way the reaction will favor (Hint: the lower pka acid will want to dissociate) Дон OH Ha OH NH2 c) H H-O-Harrow_forward
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- Provide all of the possible resonanse structures for the following compounds. Indicate which is the major contributor when applicable. Show your arrow pushing. a) H+ O: b) c) : N :O : : 0 d) e) Оarrow_forwardDraw e arrows between the following resonance structures: a) b) : 0: :0: c) :0: N t : 0: بار Narrow_forwardDraw the major substitution products you would expect for the reaction shown below. If substitution would not occur at a significant rate under these conditions, check the box underneath the drawing area instead. Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds where necessary, for example to distinguish between major products. Note for advanced students: you can assume that the reaction mixture is heated mildly, somewhat above room temperature, but strong heat or reflux is not used. Cl Substitution will not occur at a significant rate. Explanation Check :☐ O-CH + Х Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- Draw the major substitution products you would expect for the reaction shown below. If substitution would not occur at a significant rate under these conditions, check the box underneath the drawing area instead. Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds where necessary, for example to distinguish between major products. Note for advanced students: you can assume that the reaction mixture is heated mildly, somewhat above room temperature, but strong heat or reflux is not used. Cl C O Substitution will not occur at a significant rate. Explanation Check + O-CH3 Х Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward✓ aw the major substitution products you would expect for the reaction shown below. If substitution would not occur at a significant rate under these conditions, check the box underneath the drawing area instead. Be sure you use wedge and dash bonds where necessary, for example to distinguish between major products. Note for advanced students: you can assume that the reaction mixture is heated mildly, somewhat above room temperature, but strong heat or reflux is not used. C Cl HO–CH O Substitution will not occur at a significant rate. Explanation Check -3 ☐ : + D Click and drag to start drawing a structure. © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Cearrow_forwardPlease correct answer and don't used hand raitingarrow_forward
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