EP HUMAN BIOLOGY-MODIFIED MASTERING
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134326436
Author: Johnson
Publisher: PEARSON CO
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Chapter 1, Problem 5AWK
You are trying to convince your friend who smokes cigarettes that he should quit. You explain to him that smoking and the incidence of lung cancer are strongly correlated. Your friend says that that does not prove smoking causes lung cancer. Is your friend correct? If so, explain why he is correct. What would you say to him?
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A survey of Canadian males was performed in during the 1980s. 52% of adult males smoked. The lifetime probability of getting lung cancer in male smokers was 17.2% compared to 1.3% in non-smoking males.
c)Use your probability tree to calculate the following:
An elderly Canadian male developed cancer
What is the probability that he smoked?
Pr[smoke | cancer] = ?
pls help me with the following and explain. thank you
he first involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of lung cancer. For cigarette smokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Ie = 200 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Io = 25 per 100,000. The lung cancer incidence rate in the entire population was It = 100 per 100,000. The second study involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary heart disease. For cigarette smokers, the coronary heart disease incidence rate was Ie = 500 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, it was Io = 250 per 100,000. In the overall population, the coronary heart disease rate was It = 300.
1. What is relative risk the of developing lung cancer in the first study and of developing coronary heart disease in the second study? Interpret. 2. From the data involving cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence, what are the attributable risk and the attributable-risk percent? Interpret the result. 3. From the…
Researchers are starting to feel pretty confident that daily alcohol consumption is CAUSALLY linked with liver cancer. What do you think is the most important other Hill’s criterion that researchers would like to have that would make them feel even more strongly about causality in this relationship?
Chapter 1 Solutions
EP HUMAN BIOLOGY-MODIFIED MASTERING
Ch. 1 - What should medical professionals, politicians, or...Ch. 1 - Will you vaccinate your children? Why or why not?...Ch. 1 - Living things have a different molecular...Ch. 1 - Explain the meaning of the term homeostasis.Ch. 1 - Name four features that together contribute to our...Ch. 1 - Describe the difference between a hypothesis and a...Ch. 1 - Discuss the role of scientists in helping us solve...Ch. 1 - To which of the following domains of life do...Ch. 1 - To which of the following domains do unicellular...Ch. 1 - New scientific knowledge is gained through a...
Ch. 1 - Prob. 4TYCh. 1 -
5. A broad hypothesis that has been supported by...Ch. 1 - Which of the following is used when developing a...Ch. 1 - Prob. 7TYCh. 1 - Consider all of the organisms (human as well as...Ch. 1 -
9. Which of the following lists the steps of the...Ch. 1 - In graphs, which of the following is usually...Ch. 1 - An acceptable scientific hypothesis: a. can be...Ch. 1 - Prob. 12TYCh. 1 - Prob. 13TYCh. 1 - The maintenance of a relatively stable internal...Ch. 1 - All of the following are features that...Ch. 1 - A magician has a coin that he says (hypothesizes)...Ch. 1 - Your roommate is writing a paper on the subject of...Ch. 1 - Prob. 3AWKCh. 1 - Prob. 4AWKCh. 1 -
5. You are trying to convince your friend who...Ch. 1 - Prob. 6AWKCh. 1 - Explain why religious explanations cannot disprove...
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- A researcher reads a news report about a high prevalence of diabetes among children residing in under resourced neighborhoods. The researcher wants to conduct a study to understand risk factors for diabetes in this population. They design a randomized controlled trial where children will be assigned to one group in which they are given 8 glasses of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) per day (treatment group) and one group in which they are given 8 glasses of water per day (control group). The researcher goes to elementary schools in under resourced neighborhoods and approaches children as they are leaving the campus to tell they they have to participate in the study. The students are not told anything about the potential risks or benefits of study participation and are not compensated for being in the study. Drinking 8 glasses of water per day is known to be better for health compared to drinking 8 glasses of SSB per day. Because one treatment is already known to be more…arrow_forwardIf your father were diagnosed with an inherited disease that develops around the age of 50, would you want to be tested to find out whether you would develop this disease? If so, when would you want to be tested? As a teenager or sometime in your 40s? If not, would you have children?arrow_forwardAccording to the tables, which allele is positively (increases the risk) associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease? What are the control groups in these studies? 2. The frequency of all three genotypes with Ɛ4 is 0.64 in AD patients and 0.31 in the control group in the United States; 0.47 in AD patients and 0.17 in the control group in Japan. Interpret these data. 3. L.W. has the genotype Ɛ4/Ɛ4. According to the Table 12-10, she has 30-50% genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease, known as the late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) which typically develop after 60 years old. Is LOAD a complex disease? Present all your supporting arguments.arrow_forward
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