Sucrose is heated to higher temperatures before it gets caramelized. The reason has to be given for the caramelization of sugar only at high temperatures using the kinetic molecular theory. Concept Introduction: Kinetic molecular theory: This theory explains the laws that describe the behaviour of gases. It is based on five postulates. 1. A gas is composed of a large number of particles which are called molecules that are in constant random motion. 2. The distance between gas molecules is much greater than the size of molecules. Hence, the volume of the molecules is negligible. 3. Intermolecular interactions are so weak. Hence, they are also negligible. 4. Gas molecules collide with one another and with the walls of the container. These collisions are elastic collisions. They do not change the average kinetic energy of the molecules. 5. The average kinetic energy of the molecules depends only on the temperature.

Question

A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 49QRT

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Sucrose is heated to higher temperatures before it gets caramelized. The reason has to be given for the caramelization of sugar only at high temperatures using the kinetic molecular theory.

Concept Introduction:

Kinetic molecular theory:

This theory explains the laws that describe the behaviour of gases. It is based on five postulates.

1. A gas is composed of a large number of particles which are called molecules that are in constant random motion.

2. The distance between gas molecules is much greater than the size of molecules. Hence, the volume of the molecules is negligible.

3. Intermolecular interactions are so weak. Hence, they are also negligible.

4. Gas molecules collide with one another and with the walls of the container. These collisions are elastic collisions. They do not change the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

5. The average kinetic energy of the molecules depends only on the temperature.

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