Concept explainers
Interpretation:
For each of the given compounds, the contributing resonance structures and resonance hybrid are to be written by adding missing unshared electron pairs and curved arrows.
Concept introduction:
Resonating structures are structures that have more than one equivalent Lewis structure for the same molecule or ion.
According to the convention, these structures are connected by double-headed arrows (
Movement of electrons (whether bonding or lone pair) is indicated by curved arrows.
The rules for writing the resonance structures are:
Resonance structures have existence in paper only, they are not real structures.
While writing the resonance structures, movement of either double bonded electrons or lone pair of electrons are shown.
All structures should be correct Lewis structures.
The energy of any contributing structure is higher than the energy of the resonance hybrid.
For equivalent resonating structures, the resonance stabilization is large.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 1 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LL) W/WILEYPLUS NEXT
- 2. On the first drawing on the left for each structure below, draw the electron pushing arrows needed to produce the resonance structure on the right. The structures are bond-line; you need to draw the implied lone pair electrons that participate in resonance. (b) (a) Ⓒarrow_forwardThe curved arrow notation introduced in Section 1.6B is a powerfulmethod used by organic chemists to show the movement of electronsnot only in resonance structures, but also in chemical reactions.Because each curved arrow shows the movement of two electrons,following the curved arrows illustrates what bonds are broken andformed in a reaction. Consider the following three-step process. (a) Addcurved arrows in Step [1] to show the movement of electrons. (b) Use thecurved arrows drawn in Step [2] to identify the structure of X. X isconverted in Step [3] to phenol and HCl.arrow_forwardThe curved arrow notation introduced in Section 1.6B is a powerful method used by organic chemists to show the movement of electrons not only in resonance structures, but also in chemical reactions.Because each curved arrow shows the movement of two electrons, following the curved arrows illustrates what bonds are broken and formed in a reaction. Consider the following three-step process. (a) Add curved arrows in Step [1] to show the movement of electrons. (b) Use the curved arrows drawn in Step [2] to identify the structure of X. X is converted in Step [3] to phenol and HCl.arrow_forward
- Need answer for barrow_forwardPractice problem 1: Show a full octet resonance contributor for thymine, using curved arrows to show its contributor. Add all formal charges, if necessary.arrow_forwardI am wondering why there is a need for resoance structures if the molecule already has a neutral charge. Wouldn't these all be insignificant resonance structures (as there is unnecessary charge separation)? Perhaps they are only depicting these structures for the purpose of showing high/low electron density (which was what the question was asking for)? 1 picture shows answer, another shows problem (it is (b)).arrow_forward
- Give detailed Solution with explanation needed..don't give Handwritten answerarrow_forwardProblem Draw Lewis structures for the following:(a) Ethylene (C2H4), the most important reactant in the manufacture of polymers(b) Nitrogen (N2), the most abundant atmospheric gasPlan We show the structure resulting from steps 1 to 4: placing the atoms, counting the total valence electrons, making single bonds, and distributing the remaining valence electrons in pairs to attain octets. Then we continue with step 5, if needed.arrow_forwardFor the following structure a) draw curved arrows and generate two (2) more valid resonance structures in addition to the initial structure given Be sure to include to show lone pairs and formal charges on your resonance structures. b) Rank the resonance structures in order of decreasing importance: 1 is most important, 2 is second most important, 3 is the least important :0arrow_forward
- Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion What is the formal charge of the indicated atom?arrow_forwardIdentify all functional groups that are present in strychnine, a highly toxic alkaloid used as a pesticide to kill rodents, whose line structure is shown here. What compound class is characteristic of each of those functional groups? Strychninearrow_forwardConvert the skeletal structure to a complete Lewis structure with all carbon and hydrogen atoms drawn in. Include lone pairs where applicable. 4arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning