
Researchers Katherine Tucker and associates wanted to determine whether consumption of cola is associated with lower bone mineral density. They looked at 1125 men and 1413 women in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study, which is a cohort that began in 1971. The first examination in this study began between 1971 and 1975, with participants returning for an examination every 4 years. Based on results of questionnaires, the researchers were able to determine cola consumption on a weekly basis. Analysis of the results indicated that women who consumed at least one cola per day (on average) had a bone mineral density that was significantly lower at the femoral neck than those who consumed less than one cola per day. The researchers did not find this relation in men.
Source: “Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84: 936–942, 2006.
- a. Why is this a cohort study?
- b. What is the response variable in this study? What is the explanatory variable?
- c. Is the response variable qualitative or quantitative?
- d. The following appears in the article: “Variables that could potentially confound the relation between carbonated beverage consumption and bone mineral density were obtained from information collected (in the questionnaire).” What does this mean?
- e. Can you think of any lurking variables that should be accounted for?
- f. What are the conclusions of the study? Does increased cola consumption cause a lower bone mineral density?

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 1 Solutions
Fundamentals of Statistics, Books a la Carte Edition Plus MyLab Statistics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (5th Edition)
- In a company with 80 employees, 60 earn $10.00 per hour and 20 earn $13.00 per hour. Is this average hourly wage considered representative?arrow_forwardThe following is a list of questions answered correctly on an exam. Calculate the Measures of Central Tendency from the ungrouped data list. NUMBER OF QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY ON AN APTITUDE EXAM 112 72 69 97 107 73 92 76 86 73 126 128 118 127 124 82 104 132 134 83 92 108 96 100 92 115 76 91 102 81 95 141 81 80 106 84 119 113 98 75 68 98 115 106 95 100 85 94 106 119arrow_forwardThe following ordered data list shows the data speeds for cell phones used by a telephone company at an airport: A. Calculate the Measures of Central Tendency using the table in point B. B. Are there differences in the measurements obtained in A and C? Why (give at least one justified reason)? 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.9 3.2 3.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 6.2 6.5 7.7 7.9 9.9 10.2 10.3 10.9 11.1 11.1 11.6 11.8 12.0 13.1 13.5 13.7 14.1 14.2 14.7 15.0 15.1 15.5 15.8 16.0 17.5 18.2 20.2 21.1 21.5 22.2 22.4 23.1 24.5 25.7 28.5 34.6 38.5 43.0 55.6 71.3 77.8arrow_forward
- In a company with 80 employees, 60 earn $10.00 per hour and 20 earn $13.00 per hour. a) Determine the average hourly wage. b) In part a), is the same answer obtained if the 60 employees have an average wage of $10.00 per hour? Prove your answer.arrow_forwardThe following ordered data list shows the data speeds for cell phones used by a telephone company at an airport: A. Calculate the Measures of Central Tendency from the ungrouped data list. B. Group the data in an appropriate frequency table. 0.8 1.4 1.8 1.9 3.2 3.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 6.2 6.5 7.7 7.9 9.9 10.2 10.3 10.9 11.1 11.1 11.6 11.8 12.0 13.1 13.5 13.7 14.1 14.2 14.7 15.0 15.1 15.5 15.8 16.0 17.5 18.2 20.2 21.1 21.5 22.2 22.4 23.1 24.5 25.7 28.5 34.6 38.5 43.0 55.6 71.3 77.8arrow_forwardBusinessarrow_forward
- https://www.hawkeslearning.com/Statistics/dbs2/datasets.htmlarrow_forwardNC Current Students - North Ce X | NC Canvas Login Links - North ( X Final Exam Comprehensive x Cengage Learning x WASTAT - Final Exam - STAT → C webassign.net/web/Student/Assignment-Responses/submit?dep=36055360&tags=autosave#question3659890_9 Part (b) Draw a scatter plot of the ordered pairs. N Life Expectancy Life Expectancy 80 70 600 50 40 30 20 10 Year of 1950 1970 1990 2010 Birth O Life Expectancy Part (c) 800 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1950 1970 1990 W ALT 林 $ # 4 R J7 Year of 2010 Birth F6 4+ 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Year of 1950 1970 1990 2010 Birth Life Expectancy Ox 800 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Year of 1950 1970 1990 2010 Birth hp P.B. KA & 7 80 % 5 H A B F10 711 N M K 744 PRT SC ALT CTRLarrow_forwardHarvard University California Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stanford University Princeton University University of Cambridge University of Oxford University of California, Berkeley Imperial College London Yale University University of California, Los Angeles University of Chicago Johns Hopkins University Cornell University ETH Zurich University of Michigan University of Toronto Columbia University University of Pennsylvania Carnegie Mellon University University of Hong Kong University College London University of Washington Duke University Northwestern University University of Tokyo Georgia Institute of Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology University of California, Santa Barbara University of British Columbia University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of California, San Diego University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign National University of Singapore McGill…arrow_forward
- Name Harvard University California Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stanford University Princeton University University of Cambridge University of Oxford University of California, Berkeley Imperial College London Yale University University of California, Los Angeles University of Chicago Johns Hopkins University Cornell University ETH Zurich University of Michigan University of Toronto Columbia University University of Pennsylvania Carnegie Mellon University University of Hong Kong University College London University of Washington Duke University Northwestern University University of Tokyo Georgia Institute of Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology University of California, Santa Barbara University of British Columbia University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of California, San Diego University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign National University of Singapore…arrow_forwardA company found that the daily sales revenue of its flagship product follows a normal distribution with a mean of $4500 and a standard deviation of $450. The company defines a "high-sales day" that is, any day with sales exceeding $4800. please provide a step by step on how to get the answers in excel Q: What percentage of days can the company expect to have "high-sales days" or sales greater than $4800? Q: What is the sales revenue threshold for the bottom 10% of days? (please note that 10% refers to the probability/area under bell curve towards the lower tail of bell curve) Provide answers in the yellow cellsarrow_forwardFind the critical value for a left-tailed test using the F distribution with a 0.025, degrees of freedom in the numerator=12, and degrees of freedom in the denominator = 50. A portion of the table of critical values of the F-distribution is provided. Click the icon to view the partial table of critical values of the F-distribution. What is the critical value? (Round to two decimal places as needed.)arrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillCollege Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt



