Concept explainers
Videos
Draw a three-dimensional representation for each molecule. Indicate which ones have a dipole moment and in what direction it is pointing.
- (a) CH3F
- (b) CH2Cl2
- (c) CH2ClBr
- (d) CFCl3
- (e) CCl4
- (f) CH2=CCl2
- (g) CH2=CHCl
- (h) HC≡C—C≡CH
- (i) CH3C≡N
- (j) (CH3)2C=O
- (k) BrCH=CHBr (two answers)
(a)
Interpretation:
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Fluoromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity fluorine atom. The structure of fluoromethane is given below,
Fluorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in dichloromethane is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 1
(b)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Dichloromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine atom. The structure of dichloromethane is given below,
Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in dichloromethane is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 2
(c)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Bromochloromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine and bromine atom. The structure of Bromochloromethane is given below,
Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly bromine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in Bromochloromethane is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 3
(d)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Trichlorofluoromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity fluorine atom and chlorine atom. The structure of Trichlorofluoromethane is given below,
Fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine and carbon, similarly chlorine is more electronegative than carbon.
The direction of dipole moment in Trichlorofluoromethane is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 4
(e)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Carbon tetrachloride is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine. The structure of Carbon tetrachloride is given below,
Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon. The direction of dipole moment in Carbon tetrachloride is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 5
(f)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Vinylidene chloride is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine. The structure of Vinylidene chloride is given below,
Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in Vinylidene chloride is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 6
(g)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Vinyl chloride is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine. The structure of Vinyl chloride is given below,
Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in Vinyl chloride is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 7
(h)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is non-polar molecule. The structure of compound is given below,
Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in of the given compound is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 8
(i)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Acetonitrile is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity nitrogen atom. The structure of Acetonitrile is given below,
Nitrogen is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in acetonitrile is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 9
(j)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound is shown below,
Acetone is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity oxygen atom. The structure of acetone is given below,
Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in acetone is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 10
(k)
Interpretation:
Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Polar Molecules:
Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.
Dipole moment:
The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.
Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
The given compound 1,2-Dibromoethylene, therefore it has two form
- (i) Cis 1,2-Dibromoethylene
- (ii) Trans- 1,2-Dibromoethylene
1,2-Dibromoethylene is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity bromine atom. The structure of 1,2-Dibromoethylene is given below,
Bromine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.
The direction of dipole moment in 1,2-Dibromoethylene is given below,
The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,
Figure 11
Figure 12
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 1 Solutions
EP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-OWL V2 ACCESS
- Calculating the pH at equivalence of a titration Try Again Your answer is incorrect. 0/5 a A chemist titrates 70.0 mL of a 0.7089 M hydrocyanic acid (HCN) solution with 0.4574M KOH solution at 25 °C. Calculate the pH at equivalence. The pK of hydrocyanic acid is 9.21. Round your answer to 2 decimal places. Note for advanced students: you may assume the total volume of the solution equals the initial volume plus the volume of KOH solution added. pH = 11.43] G 00. 18 Ar B•arrow_forwardBiological Macromolecules Naming and drawing the products of aldose oxidation and reduction aw a Fischer projection of the molecule that would produce L-ribonic acid if it were subjected to mildly oxidizing reaction conditions. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. X AP ‡ 1/5 Naor Explanation Check McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Center Accessibilarrow_forward● Biological Macromolecules Identifying the parts of a disaccharide Take a look at this molecule, and then answer the questions in the table below it. CH2OH O H H H OH OH OH H H CH2OH H O OH H OH H H H H OH Is this a reducing sugar? Does this molecule contain a glycosidic bond? If you said this molecule does contain a glycosidic bond, write the symbol describing it. If you said this molecule does contain a glycosidic bond, write the common names (including anomer and enantiomer labels) of the molecules that would be released if that bond were hydrolyzed. If there's more than one molecule, separate each name with a comma. Explanation Check O yes X O no ○ yes O no Uarrow_forward
- The aim of the lab is to measure the sodium content from tomato sauce using the Mohr titration method. There are two groups being: Regular Tomato sauce & Salt Reduced tomato sauce QUESTION: State how you would prepare both Regular & Salt reduced tomato sauce samples for chemical analysis using the Mohr titration methodarrow_forwardUsing the conditions of spontaneity to deduce the signs of AH and AS Use the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds faster at temperatures above -48. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) ✓ AS is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except below 114. °C but proceeds at a slower rate below 135. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is C This reaction is exothermic and proceeds faster at temperatures above -43. °C. (pick one) AS is (pick one) v Х 5 ? 18 Ararrow_forwardion. A student proposes the following Lewis structure for the perchlorate (CIO) io : :0: : Cl : - - : :0: ك Assign a formal charge to each atom in the student's Lewis structure. atom central O formal charge ☐ top O ☐ right O ☐ bottom O ☐ Cl ☐arrow_forward
- Decide whether these proposed Lewis structures are reasonable. proposed Lewis structure Yes. Is the proposed Lewis structure reasonable? Cl- : 2: :Z: :Z: N—N : 0: C C1: O CO No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* ☐ Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: ☐ No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | Yes. No, it has the wrong number of valence electrons. The correct number is: No, it has the right number of valence electrons but doesn't satisfy the octet rule. The symbols of the problem atoms are:* | If two or more atoms of the same element don't satisfy the octet rule, just enter the chemical symbol as many times as necessary. For example, if two oxygen atoms don't satisfy the octet rule, enter "0,0". ☑arrow_forwardUse the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions ΔΗ is (pick one) A This reaction is faster above 103. °C than below. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous only above -9. °C. AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) C The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous. AS is (pick one) 18 Ararrow_forwardUse the observations about each chemical reaction in the table below to decide the sign (positive or negative) of the reaction enthalpy AH and reaction entropy AS. Note: if you have not been given enough information to decide a sign, select the "unknown" option. reaction observations conclusions A The reverse of this reaction is always spontaneous but proceeds slower at temperatures below 41. °C. ΔΗ is (pick one) AS is (pick one) ΔΗ is (pick one) B This reaction is spontaneous except above 94. °C. AS is (pick one) This reaction is always spontaneous, but ΔΗ is (pick one) C proceeds slower at temperatures below −14. °C. AS is (pick one) Х 00. 18 Ar 무ㅎ B 1 1arrow_forward
- Draw the product of the reaction shown below. Ignore inorganic byproducts. + H CH3CH2OH HCI Drawingarrow_forwardplease explain this in simple termsarrow_forwardK Most Reactive Na (3 pts) Can the metal activity series (shown on the right) or a standard reduction potential table explain why potassium metal can be prepared from the reaction of molten KCI and Na metal but sodium metal is not prepared from the reaction of molten NaCl and K metal? Show how (not). Ca Mg Al с Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au Least Reactivearrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY