Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom $(C=O)$ is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom $(C=O)$ is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl $\left(\text{OH}\right)$ group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom $(C=O)$ is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom $(C=O)$ is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.