To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine. Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots. The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as, Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom. Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom. Write the skeleton structure of the molecule. Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms. Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

Gas Law Studies 1. Mass of zinc Determination of 0.899 2) Moles of zinc 0.01361 mol 3.) Moles of hydrogen 00? ← I was told to calculate this number from mole of zinc. 350m So does that mean it will be 0.01361 mol too? 4 Volume of water collected (mL) 5) VL of water collected (Liters) 0.350 L 6) Temp of water collected (°C) 7) Temp of water collected (°K) 8) Atmospheric pressure (mm) 9) Vapor pressure of water (mm) 10) Corrected pressure of hydrogen 20% 29°C 764.0mm Hg (mm) 17.5mm 11) Corrected pressure of hydrogen (atm) 12) Experimentally calculated value of 19 13. Literature value of R 14) % Error 15) Suggest reasons for the % error (#14)

No wedge or dashes. Do proper structure. Provide steps and explanation.

10 Question (1 point) Draw curved arrow notation to indicate the proton transfer between NaOH and CH3CO₂H. 2nd attempt :0- H See Periodic Table See Hint Draw the products of the proton transfer reaction. Don't add a + sign between the products.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 1, Problem 1.37SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyridine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for pyrrolidine is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for furan.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for furan is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric acid.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for γ-aminobutyric is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

To draw: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound.

Interpretation: The complete Lewis structure for the given compound is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Lewis structure shows the connectivity between atoms by identifying the lone pairs of electrons in a compound. Lewis structures are also called Lewis dot structures. The valence electrons around an atom are shown by dots. Bonds between atoms are shown by lines and the lone pair of electrons is shown by a pair of dots.

The rules to draw Lewis structure are given as,

Determine the electronegativity and the number of valence electrons contributed by each atom.

Generally lowest electronegativity atom is the central atom.

Write the skeleton structure of the molecule.

Use two valence electrons to form each bond in skeleton structure between the central and outer atoms.

Satisfy the octets of atoms by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons. It is usually best start with the outer atoms.

Answer 22

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 23

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 24

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 25

Ch. 1.2C - a. Nitrogen has relatively stable isotopes...Ch. 1.4 - Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds....Ch. 1.5 - Write Lewis structures for the following molecular...Ch. 1.5 - Circle any lone pairs (pairs of nonbonding...Ch. 1.6 - Use electronegativities to predict the direction...Ch. 1.8 - Prob. 1.6P Ch. 1.9B - Draw the important resonance forms for the...Ch. 1.9B - Prob. 1.8P Ch. 1.9B - Prob. 1.9P Ch. 1.9B - Use resonance structures to identify the areas of...

Concept explainers

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 1 Solutions