Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom and the net charge in the given species are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Chemical compounds contain two types of bonds. These are known as ionic and covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, the ions are held by the electrostatic interaction between them. In covalent bonds, the atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons. The formal charge is the charge on the constituent atoms in a molecule. It is calculated by using valence electrons of the atom.

Answer to Problem 1.25AP
The formal charges on oxygen atom and chlorine atom are
Explanation of Solution
The given structure is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1
The formal charge on atom is calculated by the formula given below as,
The valence electrons of oxygen atoms in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on each oxygen atom is
The valence electrons of chlorine atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on chlorine atom is
The total charge on the given species is calculated as follows.
Hence, total charge on the species is
The formal charges on oxygen atom and chlorine atom are
(b)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom and the net charge in the given species are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Chemical compounds contain two types of bonds. These are known as ionic and covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, the ions are held by the electrostatic interaction between them. In covalent bonds, the atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons. The formal charge is the charge on the constituent atoms in a molecule. It is calculated by using valence electrons of the atom.

Answer to Problem 1.25AP
The formal charges on oxygen atom, nitrogen atom and carbon atom are
Explanation of Solution
The given structure is shown in figure 2.
Figure 2
The formal charge on atom is calculated by the formula given below as,
The valence electrons of oxygen atoms in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on each oxygen atom is
The valence electrons of nitrogen atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on nitrogen atom is
The valence electrons of carbon atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on carbon atom is
The total charge on the given species is calculated as follows.
Hence, total charge on the species is
The formal charges on oxygen atom, nitrogen atom and carbon atom are
(c)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom and the net charge in the given species are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Chemical compounds contain two types of bonds. These are known as ionic and covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, the ions are held by the electrostatic interaction between them. In covalent bonds, the atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons. The formal charge is the charge on the constituent atoms in a molecule. It is calculated by using valence electrons of the atom.

Answer to Problem 1.25AP
The formal charges on left oxygen atom, right oxygen atom and central oxygen atom are
Explanation of Solution
The given structure is shown in figure 3.
Figure 3
The formal charge on atom is calculated by the formula given below as,
The valence electrons of left oxygen atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on each oxygen atom is
The valence electrons of right oxygen atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on each oxygen atom is
The valence electrons of central oxygen atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on each oxygen atom is
The total charge on the given species is calculated as follows.
Hence, total charge on the species is
The formal charges on left oxygen atom, right oxygen atom and central oxygen atom are
(d)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom and the net charge in the given species are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Chemical compounds contain two types of bonds. These are known as ionic and covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, the ions are held by the electrostatic interaction between them. In covalent bonds, the atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons. The formal charge is the charge on the constituent atoms in a molecule. It is calculated by using valence electrons of the atom.

Answer to Problem 1.25AP
The formal charge on carbon atom is
Explanation of Solution
The given structure is shown in figure 4.
Figure 4
The formal charge on atom is calculated by the formula given below as,
The valence electrons of carbon atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on carbon atom is
Hence, total charge on the species is also
The formal charge on carbon atom is
(e)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom and the net charge in the given species are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Chemical compounds contain two types of bonds. These are known as ionic and covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, the ions are held by the electrostatic interaction between them. In covalent bonds, the atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons. The formal charge is the charge on the constituent atoms in a molecule. It is calculated by using valence electrons of the atom.

Answer to Problem 1.25AP
The formal charge on carbon atom and carbon radical is
Explanation of Solution
The given structure is shown in figure 5.
Figure 5
The formal charge on atom is calculated by the formula given below as,
The valence electrons of carbon atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on carbon atom is
The valence electrons of carbon radical in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on carbon radical is
Hence, total charge on the species is also
The formal charge on carbon atom and carbon radical is
(f)
Interpretation:
The formal charge on each atom and the net charge in the given species are to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Chemical compounds contain two types of bonds. These are known as ionic and covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, the ions are held by the electrostatic interaction between them. In covalent bonds, the atoms are held together by the sharing of electrons. The formal charge is the charge on the constituent atoms in a molecule. It is calculated by using valence electrons of the atom.

Answer to Problem 1.25AP
The formal charge on oxygen atom and chlorine atom is
Explanation of Solution
The given structure is shown in figure 6.
Figure 6
The formal charge on atom is calculated by the formula given below as,
The valence electrons of oxygen atoms in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on each oxygen atom is
The valence electrons of chlorine atom in given species are
Thus, the formal charge on chlorine atom is
The total charge on the given species is calculated as follows.
Hence, total charge on the species is
The formal charge on oxygen atom and chlorine atom is
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Chapter 1 Solutions
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