You've probably noticed by now that the amount of acetic acid consumed wasn't the same in each trial. This is because we have to add enough sodium bicarbonate to react all the acetic acid. If we add too little, we run out of sodium bicarbonate before all the acetic acid reacts and some is left over at the end. Based on what you're seeing, which trials do you think had enough sodium bicarbonate added to react all of the acetic acid? Sample Calculations for Vinegar Lab g HC2H3O2 Consumed by Reaction -2 g NaHCO3 1.98 -4 g NAHCO3 2.78 -6 g NaHCO3 3.14 ~8 g NaHCO3 2.87 -10 g NaHCO3 2.93 -2 g NaHCO3 -4 g NaHCO3 -6 g NaHCO3 -8 g NaHCO3 -10 g NaHC03
Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
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