You extracted DNA from a wildtype strain of E. coli and used the DNA to transform a strain that was arg gal lys and gly. You select for transformation of the individual loci (initial selection) and then determine the co-transformation frequency for the other loci, plotted in the table below: Initial selection Co- transformed argt galt lys gly arg+ 0% 60% 15% gal+ 0% 0% 10% lys+ 60% 0% 0% gly+ 15% 10% 0% Based on these results, which of the following options is the most likely order of the genes? lys gal arg gly lys gly gal arg arg lys gly gal gly gal arg lys gal gly arg lys gly arg gal lys

Transcribe and translate the following DNA sequence (nontemplate strand): 5’-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3’

Which of the following best describes the process of DNA sequencing? a. DNA is separated on a gel, and the different bands are labeled with fluorescent nucleotides and scanned with a laser. b. A laser is used to fluorescently label the nucleotides present within the DNA, the DNA is run on a gel, and then the DNA is broken into fragments. c. Nucleotides are scanned with a laser and incorporated into the DNA that has been separated on a gel, and then the DNA is amplified with PCR. d. Fragments of DNA are produced in a reaction that labels them with any of four different fluorescent dyes, and the fragments then are run on a gel and scanned with a laser. e. DNA is broken down into its constituent nucleotides, and the nucleotides are then run on a gel and purified with a laser.

Pedigree Analysis Is a Basic Method in Human Genetic: What does OMIM stand for? What kinds of information are in this database?

Recently, scientists discovered that a rare disorder called polkadotism is caused by a bacterial strain, polkadotiae. Mice injected with this strain (P) develop polka dots on their skin. Heat-killed P bacteria and live D bacteria, a nonvirulent strain, do not produce polka dots when injected separately into mice. However, when a mixture of heat-killed P cells and live D cells were injected together, the mice developed polka dots. What process explains this result? Describe what is happening in the mouse to cause this outcome.

Figure 17.7 You are working in a molecular biology lab and, unbeknownst to you, your lab partner left the foreign genomic DNA that you are planning to clone on the lab bench overnight instead of storing it in the freezer. As a result, it was degraded by nucleases, but still used in the experiment. The plasmid, on the other hand, is fine. What results would you expect from your molecular cloning experiment? There will be no colonies on the bacterial plate. There will be blue colonies only. There will be blue and white colonies. The will be white colonies only.

Below is a sequence of 540 bases from a genome. What information would you use to find the beginnings and ends of open reading frames? How many open reading frames can you find in this sequence? Which open reading frame is likely to represent a protein- coding sequence, and why? Which are probably not functioning protein-coding sequences, and why? Note: for simplicitys sake, analyze only this one strand of the DNA double helix, reading from left to right, so you will only be analyzing three of the six reading frames shown in Figure 19.4.

Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant form of dwarfism caused by a single gene mutation. Calculate the mutation rate of this gene given the following data: 10 achondroplastic births to unaffected parents in 245,000 births.

Define and compare the following types of nucleotide substitutions. Which is likely to cause the most dramatic mutant effect? a. missense mutation b. nonsense mutation c. sense mutation

Determine the percent of the following gene that will code for the protein product. Gene length is measured in kilobases (kb) of DNA. Each kilobase is 1,000 bases long.