xplain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex.

Q: Identify the means by which the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated.

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a convergence point in the regulation of the metabolic finetuning between…

Q: Briefly describe the dual role of lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A: Lipoic acid is essentially used in aerobic processes. It is important biological compound for the…

Q: What is the function of the kinase associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into…

Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for the same hormone signal to stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit…

A: The muscles and the liver respond in distinct ways to the same hormone signal, thus participating in…

Q: Name three enzymes from the citric acid cycle which are allosterically regulated by ATP and/or NADH.…

A: The citric acid cycle is also known as the TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all…

Q: Which TCA component is syphoned off to increase glucose production via gluconeogenesis when glucose…

A: Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose. It is an important…

Q: Researchers investigating the role of fat metabolism in diabetes generated PPAR peroxisome…

A: Knockout mice is a mice where a specific gene is turned off that is it is unable to form a desired…

Q: What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and…

A: Before going into the whole complex regulatory pathways, you need to know a few basic facts.…

Q: How might the level of HMG-CoA reductase activity be altered by the enzyme deficiency?

A: CHOLESTEROL is important in eukaryotic cell membranes. It is also a precursor of steroid hormones,…

Q: What is the rationale for the inhibition of muscle glycogen phosphorylase by glucose 6- phosphate…

A: Glycogenolysis- breaking down of molecular glycogen into glucose.  Glycolysis- glucose molecules…

Q: The action of glucagon on liver cells leads to inhibition of pyruvate kinase. What is the most…

A: Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the…

Q: What is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of…

A: Glycogen Storage Disease type II , also called Pompe's disease occurs to due to the deficiency of…

Q: Describe the two enzymatic processes by which NH4+ can be assimilated into glutamate using…

A: Introduction: Amino acids are a group of organic compounds containing two functional groups that are…

Q: lycolysis epinephri

A: Epinephrine is known as adrenaline, is the hormone whose secretion is mediated by the medulla of the…

Q: In experiments to test the appetite-suppressing eff ects of PYY3–36, why must the hormone be…

A: Peptide YY (PYY) is also known as peptide tyrosine. It is a peptide that is encoded by PYY gene in…

Q: The antidiabetes drugs known as thiazolidinediones induce the production of glycerol kinase in…

A: Thiazolidinedione’s are a class of medicines that can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.…

Q: What is the effect of cholesterol feeding on the amount of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA?

A: Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all the cells of our body. Our body uses…

Q: What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and…

A: Insulin is a protein hormone which is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in…

Q: Describe the effects of The effect on the glucagon response in the liver treated with a cAMP…

A: Glucagon Response in liver: The role of glucagon in the body is to control the blood glucose levels…

Q: During regulation of glycogen synthesis by glucagon, what molecule is the secondary messenger?

A: There are a few important points : Glycogen is a highly branched and very large polymer of glucose…

Q: Explain how pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated using covalent modification (E1) of pyuvate…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetylated…

Q: Does the allosteric regulation induced by insulin activate (or repress) phosphofructokinase-1…

A: Phosphofructose kinase 1 is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose…

Q: In animal tissues, the ratio of active, unphosphorylated to inactive, phosphorylated pyruvate…

A: Cellular respiration is a collection of three metabolic pathways that generate ATP the energy…

Q: Why is the cellular ratio of GSH to GSSG in cytoplasm usually high?

A: The cytoplasm of the cells is the site for various metabolic reactions.

Q: Why cant insulin serve as a allosteric activatior for the pyruvate dehydrogenase phospaphate enxyme…

A: The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is consisting of three enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase E1,…

Q: Concerning the reciprocal regulation of phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the…

A: Phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase are key enzymes involved in regulating…

Q: Does glucagon lead to the deactivation or activation of glycogen phosphorylase and the…

A: Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by α-cells of pancreas. Glucagon released during the low…

Q: Describe the relationship between AMPK and mTORC1

A: AMPK is an activated protein kinase enzyme present in the cells, and it gets activated in the…

Q: Mutations in glucokinase which lower the kcat for the enzyme or elevate the Km for glucose result in…

A: Introduction : Glucokinase  is a protein that works with phosphorylation of glucose to…

Q: Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity…

A: Understanding how cells process energy is vital for understanding how living things produce and…

Q: The reactions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are required to generate the substrate that is…

A: For energy produced from glucose the first pathway is glycolysis than TCA cycle. The link between…

Q: Because dichloroacetate inhibits the enzyme pyruvatedehydrogenase kinase, this compound has been…

A: Pyruvate is an important product formed during the glycolysis stage of aerobic respiration. Pyruvate…

Q: Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase is the regulatory component of pyruvatedehydrogenase complex.…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) is an enzyme that regulates the activity of pyruvate…

Q: The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to…

A: In biochemical processes, the energetics of reactions play a crucial role in determining their…

Q: In the fasted state, FADH2 and NADH for oxidative phosphorylation are mainly provided by fatty acid…

A: Fatty acid oxidation is a process by which fatty acids are broken down and used as energy. It is…

Q: What is the physiologic significance of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?What's the biochemical basis…

A: Hi! As you have asked multiple questions, we are answering only the first two for you. If you need…

Q: Name two proteins that are effectors of the insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes, liver, or…

A: Insulin is the only known hormone that is known to lower the blood glucose levels in our body. The…

Q: Compare the localization of GLUT4 with that of GLUT2 and GLUT3, and explain why these localizations…

A: GLUT 4 is a type of glucose transporter. GLUT 4 transports glucose only when insulin is present.…

Q: Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) is dependent on indicators of energy charge…

A: This control is basic to the metabolism of cellular vitality since it makes pyruvate-to-acetyl-CoA…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.