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without relying on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a pro- or ess known as the "Warburg effect". While less efficient at generating ATP, it has been proposed that the Warburg effect promotes prolifera- on by generating an abundance of glycolytic intermediates that serve is precursors for other anabolic processes to generate biomass. One consequence of the Warburg effect is that cancer cells that are not athed in a constant source of fresh glucose +/-a Gluco such as cells in a solid O2 Pyruva

without relying on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a pro- or ess known as the "Warburg effect". While less efficient at generating ATP, it has been proposed that the Warburg effect promotes prolifera- on by generating an abundance of glycolytic intermediates that serve is precursors for other anabolic processes to generate biomass. One consequence of the Warburg effect is that cancer cells that are not athed in a constant source of fresh glucose +/-a Gluco such as cells in a solid O2 Pyruva

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Many cancer cells preferentially perform aerobic glycolysis Proliferative tissue 5. Tumor without relying on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a pro- cess known as the "Warburg effect". While less efficient at generating ATP, it has been proposed that the Warburg effect promotes prolifera- tion by generating an abundance of glycolytic intermediates that serve as precursors for other anabolic processes to generate biomass. One consequence of the Warburg effect is that cancer cells that are not bathed in a constant source of fresh glucose – such as cells in a solid tumor that are far from any capillaries (e.g., non-small cell (NSC) lung cancer) – often run out of glucose and activate gluconeogenesis. In this situation, the lactate generated by anerobic glycolysis is converted back to pyruvate to begin gluconeogenesis. or +/-02 Glucose Pyruvate 5% 85% Lactate CO2 (a) matic steps. Beginning with pyruvate, write with words the reaction for the first step, including the name of the enzyme and its allosteric activa- tor. The first bypass step of gluconeogenesis involves two enzy- Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) -4 mol ATP/mol glucose Upon culturing NSC tumor cells in vitro, you notice that the cells fail to grow in media with (b) reduced levels of vitamin B7, also known as biotin. With respect to gluconeogenesis, what would be the effect of not having enough biotin? What metabolite used in gluconeogenesis would build up in these cells? In studying NSC tumor cells in vitro, you have found that after depleting glucose from the (e) meaium, the cells display a gene expression signature indicating that gluconeogenesis may be occur- ring. To test this, you add 13C3-pyruvate (all three carbons are labeled) to the cells and measure incor- poration of the label in several metabolites. While you can detect the label in the glucose 6-phosphate pool, you cannot detect any of the label as glucose secreted in the medium nor as glycogen in the cells. What other pathway utilizes glucose 6-phosphate? What cofactor is required for the first three steps of this pathway? If this pathway utilizes glucose 6-phosphate, what key precursor is generated, and what major class of biomolecules is this precursor used for? What key cofactor is generated and what is it used for?
Transcribed Image Text:Many cancer cells preferentially perform aerobic glycolysis Proliferative tissue 5. Tumor without relying on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a pro- cess known as the "Warburg effect". While less efficient at generating ATP, it has been proposed that the Warburg effect promotes prolifera- tion by generating an abundance of glycolytic intermediates that serve as precursors for other anabolic processes to generate biomass. One consequence of the Warburg effect is that cancer cells that are not bathed in a constant source of fresh glucose – such as cells in a solid tumor that are far from any capillaries (e.g., non-small cell (NSC) lung cancer) – often run out of glucose and activate gluconeogenesis. In this situation, the lactate generated by anerobic glycolysis is converted back to pyruvate to begin gluconeogenesis. or +/-02 Glucose Pyruvate 5% 85% Lactate CO2 (a) matic steps. Beginning with pyruvate, write with words the reaction for the first step, including the name of the enzyme and its allosteric activa- tor. The first bypass step of gluconeogenesis involves two enzy- Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) -4 mol ATP/mol glucose Upon culturing NSC tumor cells in vitro, you notice that the cells fail to grow in media with (b) reduced levels of vitamin B7, also known as biotin. With respect to gluconeogenesis, what would be the effect of not having enough biotin? What metabolite used in gluconeogenesis would build up in these cells? In studying NSC tumor cells in vitro, you have found that after depleting glucose from the (e) meaium, the cells display a gene expression signature indicating that gluconeogenesis may be occur- ring. To test this, you add 13C3-pyruvate (all three carbons are labeled) to the cells and measure incor- poration of the label in several metabolites. While you can detect the label in the glucose 6-phosphate pool, you cannot detect any of the label as glucose secreted in the medium nor as glycogen in the cells. What other pathway utilizes glucose 6-phosphate? What cofactor is required for the first three steps of this pathway? If this pathway utilizes glucose 6-phosphate, what key precursor is generated, and what major class of biomolecules is this precursor used for? What key cofactor is generated and what is it used for?
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