Williamson Ether SynthesisOne of the side reactions in this reaction is the C-alkylation. How does this product look like? Why is it formed? How does the student remove this product from the target compound? **Experiment 3: Williamson Ether Synthesis****Introduction**Ethers can be produced from two alcohols. However, to avoid symmetrical ethers (e.g., diethyl ether from ethanol), using different alcohols in the same reaction mixture will result in diverse products. To obtain an unsymmetrical ether (e.g., tert-butyl methyl ether, MTBE), one component must be an alkyl halide, and the other an alkoxide (or phenoxide) ion. The alkoxide ion can be any alkoxide, but the alkyl halide is typically a primary or methyl halide, as the reaction generally follows an Sn2 mechanism, minimizing elimination and maximizing the desired product. In this experiment, p-cresol and chloroacetic acid will be used. The phenol can easily be converted into the phenoxide ion. This process is standard for producing asymmetrical ethers.The Williamson ether synthesis is a well-known example of "Named Reactions," named after Dr. Alexander W. Williamson, a professor at University College in London in the late 1800s. This reaction, useful for creating many different ethers, involves transforming an alcohol portion (1°, 2°, or 3°) into an alkoxide nucleophile under basic conditions (e.g., NaOH). The alkoxide ion then reacts with a primary alkyl halide via an Sn2 mechanism, such as chloroacetic acid in this experiment, to form ethers. If the alkyl halide were 2° or 3°, an alternative E2 elimination might occur, resulting in substitution.**Simplified Synthesis Approach**A straightforward synthesis method involves reacting an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or a sulfonate ester under Sn2 conditions. This experiment synthesizes methyl phenoxyacetic acid, forming a phenyl ether from p-methylphenol (p-cresol) and chloroacetic acid.**The methylphenoxyacetic acid family is of particular interest for several reasons:**1. The products are simple to prepare and purify.2. These ethers serve as valuable derivatives with low melting points compared to their starting materials (o-, m-, or p-cresol). **Figure 1: Reaction of p-cresol with α-chloroacetic acid**This diagram illustrates the chemical reaction between p-cresol and α-chloroacetic acid. **Reactants:**- On the left, the diagram shows p-cresol, an aromatic compound with a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a benzene ring with a methyl group.- Next to it is α-chloroacetic acid, featuring a chlorine atom (Cl) bonded to the acetic acid structure, which includes a carboxyl group (COOH).**Reaction Steps:**1. The diagram specifies the presence of water (H₂O) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as reaction conditions in the first step.2. The second step involves water (H₂O) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).**Product:**- The resulting structure is an ether, where the aromatic ring of p-cresol is now connected to the acetic acid fragment through an oxygen atom, forming an ester linkage.- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is released as a byproduct.This reaction is an example of nucleophilic substitution where the hydroxyl group of p-cresol acts as a nucleophile, replacing the chlorine atom of α-chloroacetic acid.

Here we have to say how C-alkylation product is formed in williamson's synthesis and poduct look…

Williamson Ether Synthesis One of the side reactions in this reaction is the C-alkylation. How does this product look like? Why is it formed? How does the student remove this product from the target compound?

Williamson Ether Synthesis One of the side reactions in this reaction is the C-alkylation. How does this product look like? Why is it formed? How does the student remove this product from the target compound?

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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