Answered: Why is the hydrometer method commonly…

Why is the hydrometer method commonly used to obtain data on the sizes of silt and clay particles in soil samples, and not the sieve method?

Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781305970939

Author:Braja M. Das, Khaled Sobhan

Publisher:Braja M. Das, Khaled Sobhan

Chapter17: Subsoil Exploration

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17.1P

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Why is the hydrometer method commonly used to obtain data on the sizes of silt and clay particles in soil samples, and not the sieve method?

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The subsurface characteristics for a highway pavement rehabilitation project in the southeastern United States are shown in a boring log in Figure 5.13. The highway structure consists of the asphalt pavement underlain by four different soil strata up to a depth of 20 ft, after which the boring was terminated. Some data on the grain size and plasticity characteristics are also provided for each stratum. Perform the following tasks: 1. Determine the AASHTO soil classification and the group index (GI) for each layer. 2. Determine the most probable group symbols and group names for the various layers according to the Unified soil classification system. Use Table 5.3 and the soil characteristics given in the boring log.
Three groups of students from the Geotechnical Engineering class collected soil-aggregate samples for laboratory testing from a recycled aggregate processing plant in Palm Beach County, Florida. Three samples, denoted by Soil A, Soil B, and Soil C, were collected from three locations of the aggregate stockpile, and sieve analyses were conducted (see Figure 2.35). (a) (b) Figure 2.35 (a) Soil-aggregate stockpile; (b) sieve analysis (Courtesy of Khaled Sobhan, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida) a. Determine the coefficient of uniformity and the coefficient of gradation for Soils A, B, and C. b. Which one is coarser: Soil A or Soil C? Justify your answer. c. Although the soils are obtained from the same stockpile, why are the curves so different? (Hint: Comment on particle segregation and representative field sampling.) d. Determine the percentages of gravel, sand and fines according to Unified Soil Classification System.
Since laboratory or field experiments are generally expensive and time consuming, geotechnical engineers often have to rely on empirical relationships to predict design parameters. Section 6.6 presents such relationships for predicting optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight. Let us use some of these equations and compare our results with known experimental data. The following table presents the results from laboratory compaction tests conducted on a wide range of fine-grained soils using various compactive efforts (E). Based on the soil data given in the table, determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight using the empirical relationships presented in Section 6.6. a. Use the Osman et al. (2008) method [Eqs. (6.15) through (6.18)]. b. Use the Gurtug and Sridharan (2004) method [Eqs. (6.13) and (6.14)]. c. Use the Matteo et al. (2009) method [Eqs. (6.19) and (6.20)]. d. Plot the calculated wopt against the experimental wopt, and the calculated d(max) with the experimental d(max). Draw a 45 line of equality on each plot. e. Comment on the predictive capabilities of various methods. What can you say about the inherent nature of empirical models?
How is the plasticity index of a soil determined?
Refer to the soil in Problem 4.5. Using the Casagrande plasticity chart, graphically estimate the shrinkage limit of the soil as shown in Figure 4.22. 4.5 The following data were obtained by conducting liquid limit and plastic limit tests on a soil collected from the site. Liquid limit tests: Plastic limit test: PL = 19.3% a. Draw the flow curve and determine the liquid limit. b. Using the Casagrande plasticity chart (Figure 4.21), determine the soil type.
Refer to Problem 2.C.1. Results of the sieve analysis for Soils A, B, and C are given below. To obtain a more representative sample for further geotechnical testing, a ternary blend is created by uniformly mixing 8000 kg of each soil. Answer the following questions. a. If a sieve analysis is conducted on the mixture using the same set of sieves as shown above, compute the mass retained (as a percentage) and cumulative percent passing in each sieve. b. What would be the uniformity coefficient (Cu) and the coefficient of gradation (Cc) of the mixture?
Following results are obtained for a liquid limit test using a fall cone device. Estimate the liquid limit of the soil and the flow index.
Repeat Problem 2.8 using the following data. 2.8 The following are the results of a sieve and hydrometer analysis. a. Draw the grain-size distribution curve. b. Determine the percentages of gravel, sand, silt and clay according to the MIT system. c. Repeat Part b according to the USDA system. d. Repeat Part b according to the AASHTO system.
The following data were obtained by conducting liquid limit and plastic limit tests on a soil collected from the site. Liquid limit tests: Plastic limit test: PL = 19.3% a. Draw the flow curve and determine the liquid limit. b. Using the Casagrande plasticity chart (Figure 4.21), determine the soil type.
Repeat Problem 2.14 with the following values: Gs = 2.75, temperature of water = 21C, t = 88 min, and L = 11.7 cm. 2.14 A hydrometer test has the following result: Gs = 2.65, temperature of water = 26 C, and L = 10.4 cm at 45 minutes after the start of sedimentation (see Figure 2.25). What is the diameter D of the smallest-size particles that have settled beyond the zone of measurement at that time (that is, t = 45 min)? Figure 2.25 ASTM 152H type of hydrometer placed inside the sedimentation cylinder (Courtesy of Khaled Sobhan, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida)
Repeat Problem 2.11 with the following data. 2.11 The grain-size characteristics of a soil are given in the following table. a. Draw the grain-size distribution curve. b. Determine the percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay according to the MIT system. c. Repeat Part b using the USDA system. d. Repeat Part b using the AASHTO system.
Repeat Problem 2.4 with the following data. 2.4 The following are the results of a sieve analysis. a. Determine the percent finer than each sieve and plot a grain-size distribution curve. b. Determine D10, D30, and D60 for each soil. c. Calculate the uniformity coefficient Cu. d. Calculate the coefficient of gradation Cc.