Why is overuse of antibiotics resulting in more antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria to evolve? A) The normal flora of the patient can no longer to outcompete the pathogen B) The antibiotics create the mutations that result in resistant organisms C) The antibiotic becomes less potent over time leading to resistance D) The patients begin to have less side-effects from the antibiotics E) The antibiotics provide the selective pressure for resistance

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? a) The virus-host relationship usually…

A: Introduction: A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria and archaea and replicates within…

Q: You are designing a phage therapy for a cystic fibrosis patient with an multi-antibiotic resistant…

A: The most crucial characteristic for this particular phage therapy scenario is: C. That the infection…

Q: A) B) C) D) E) 8) List 5 ways that the current novel coronavirus and the disease it causes differs…

A: The coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It…

Q: There are fewer antifungal, anti protozoal, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs…

A: The antifungal drug is a drug that is used to kill the fungus. The antiprotozoal drug is a drug that…

Q: Are the bacteria that cause Lyme disease likely to develop antibiotic resistance? Why or why not

A: Antibiotic resistance refers to the phenomenon in which certain bacteria and fungi develop…

Q: Give two examples of antibiotics that act on the following: cell wall synthesis disruption of cell…

A: Antibiotics are either natural products of microorganisms or semi-synthetically produced from…

Q: is able to bind to and cut off the 5' cap of the coronavirus RNA genome once it enters the host…

A: Coronavirus is RNA virus. In order to establish an infection every virus should find the susceptible…

Q: Why must the top agar be supplemented with maltose? A) Maltose allows for binding of the phage to…

A: Plate cultures of bacteriophage are prepared by combining phage with susceptible host cells in top…

Q: What is the length of the infectious period given β =  0.002 S = 500 y = 0.2, R0= 5, and threshold…

A: R0 can be defined as the basic reproductive number of a contagious disease. It is represented by the…

Q: Why must a new flu vaccine be manufactured annually? A.) The flu causes mutations in the host cell…

A: Introduction  We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…

Q: You have been given the job of creating the 'ideal' antibiotic for global use. What characteristics…

A: Antibiotics are a class of medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They are…

Q: What is leading to the development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria? Why should we be concerned?

A: WHAT IS THE MEANING OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE BACTERIA ? Antibiotic are drugs designed to kill…

Q: In the United States, hantavirusesa) are limited to southwestern states.b) are carried only by deer…

A: A virus is an infectious agent that contains a single nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) core surrounded by a…

Q: Which of the folowing statements best describes future generations of these bacteria? A) They will…

A: Antibiotic is used against the bacterial infection, and to suppresses the growth of the bacterial…

Q: What are the reasons behind antibiotic resistance

A: Antibiotics are used to cure bacteria-caused infections. When microbes evolve in reply to antibiotic…

Q: What is the most critical factor in preventing hospital-acquired infections? A) Prescribing…

A: Patients who are not infected at the time of their admission contract hospital-acquired illnesses…

Q: What alternatives are there to antibiotics to address bacteria that have resistance?

A: Answer: ANTIBIOTICS: These are the medications which are useful in killing or inhibiting the growth…

Q: Which of the following statements is false?a) A disease with a long incubation period might spread…

A: The immune framework is an organization of natural cycles that shields a living being from diseases.…

Q: Where do true antibiotics come from in nature?

A: Antibiotics are substances which are able to inhibit or destroy growth of microorganisms. These…

Q: Part A) What barrier was breached by the pathogen? Part B) Describe how that barrier works and how…

A: During pregnancy maternal infections also known as prenatal infections. Maternal infections can…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a feature of genetic reassortment? A)  a host cell is coinfected with…

A: Genetic reassortment is the changes in the genome of the virus that affect the host. This helps in…

Q: Which of these statements about Streptococcus pyogenes is false?a) It is a Gram-positive coccus…

A: Streptococcus pyogenes are gram-positive Group A streptococcus that are known to cause a variety of…

Q: 10) If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more…

A: Staphylococcus aureus becomes drug-resistant. Genetic mutation is the process that decreases…

Q: What would happen to a virus that found its way to an environment filled only with cells that were…

A: Virus  Viruses are the sub microscopic infectious organisms.

Q: Comparing the number of infections, people catch cold so much more often than flu .Why haven’t we…

A: Vaccination is the artificial way of injecting the pathogen either dead or alive so as to prevent…

Q: The major issue associated with the use of live, attenuated virus for vaccines is _____. A)…

A: ANSWER) The use of live attenuated virus for vaccines is not recommended as the attenuated virus can…

Q: Which pathogen is most likely to be treated with antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics are a particular type of medicine that helps stop infections caused by bacteria. They…

Q: 1)Do you think that public health officials should more directly regulate the availability of…

A: A disease is a specific abnormal disorder that affects the structure or function of any or part of…

Q: Which of the following statements about noroviruses is false?a) They are the most common cause of…

A: Viruses are infectious agents that are non-cellular and composed of genetic material covered by a…

Q: Name various sources of antibiotics.

A: Antibiotics are the chemical substances that have a lethal action on the life of bacteria. Some…

Q: The induced clones are developed by ________ into the host cell.a) Nuclear transfer b) Gene transfer…

A: Introduction: Cloning is a process by which genetically identical cells can be produced either…

Q: If you and your family all develop infectious diarrhea, the most likely portal of entry for the…

A: Pathogens are the organisms that are capable of disrupting the normal physiological balance of an…

Pathogenicity

Infection and Transmission

The infections are generated by the pathogenic organisms present in the environment. They maintain the capacity to invade a host body and establish colonies. A disease caused by such infectious agents is called a communicable disease or transmissible disease. These diseases spread through diverse means including blood, food, water, air, or vectors.