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Why did Qing China differ in its response to population growth from the early modern era from European responses?

Why did Qing China differ in its response to population growth from the early modern era from European responses?

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Why did Qing China differ in its response to population growth from the early modern era from European responses? What caused the Taiping Rebellion? How did it end? What was opium? Why did the British use it in their trade with China? Describe the relationship between China and the West by the end of the 19th century.
In many ways, China was the victim of its own earlier success. Its robust (strong) and economy American food crops had enabled substantial population growth, from about 100 million people in CHINA 1685 to some 430 million in 1853. Unlike in Europe, though, PACIFIC OCEAN INDA where a similar growth occurred, no Industrial Revolution accompanied this vast increase in population, nor was agricultural production able to keep up. Furthermore, China's famed centralized and bureaucratic state did not enlarge itself to keep pace with the growing population. During this time, many internal and external problems began to cause the decline of the Qing Dynasty (see map above). Internal Pressures: Taiping Rebellion The conclusion of China's internal crisis lay in the Taiping Uprising, which set much of the country aflame between 1850 and 1864. Its leaders largely rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism alike, finding their primary ideology in a unique form of Christianity. Its leading figure, Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864), proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a peaceful world. His call for the destruction of the Qing dynasty and his program for the radical| *Copyright: Achievement First Unless otherwise noted, all of the content in this resource is licensed under a Ceati Commons A license transformation of Chinese society appealed to millions of men and women. The Qing dynasty had ruled China since 1644, and Qing elites had adapted to Chinese ways, but many native Chinese subjects despised the Manchu ruling class as foreigners. Hong fiercely denounced the Qing dynasty as foreigners who had "poisoned China" and "defiled the emperor's throne." They called for the abolition of private property, a radical redistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking. The Taiping land reform program promised women and men equal shares of land. Women were now permitted to sit for civil service examinations and were appointed to supervisory positions, though usually ones in which they exercised authority over other women rather than men. With a rapidly swelling number of followers, Taiping forces swept out of southern China and established their capital in Nanjing in 1853. However, problems within Taiping leadership and in allying with other rebel groups enabled the Qing's victory. Qing dynasty loyalists rallied and by 1864 they crushed this unusual peasant rebellions. Western military support for pro-Qing forces likewise contributed to their victory. External Pressures: Opium Wars In 1759 the Qing emperor restricted the European commercial presence in China to the coat at Guangzhou, where European merchants could establish warehouses. Foreign merchants could deal only with specially licensed Chinese firms known as cohongs, which bought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established by the government. Because there was little demand for European products, Europeans had to pay in silver. Oplum imports into China 165e-1880 Opium had long been used in small doses as a drinkable medicine. Officials of the British East India Company gradually 5.000 turned to trade in an addictive product that was as profitable as it was criminal-opium - to get more favorable trade with China. The East India Company grew opium in British India and shipped it to China, where company officials exchanged it for Chinese silver coin and Chinese goods. Tear 1 1hest - kp .4g Spi s Trade in opium was illegal, but it continued unstopped for decades because Chinese authorities made little effort to enforce the law. Indeed, corrupt officials often benefited personally by allowing the illegal trade to go on. The opium trade drained large quantities of silver coin from China AND also created serious social problems in southern China, addiction. When government authorities took steps in 1838 to halt the illicit trade, British merchants started losing money. In 1839 the Chinese government stepped up its campaign by charging the incorruptible Lin Zexu with the task of destroying the opium trade. Commissioner Lin acted quickly, confiscating and destroying some 20,000 chests of opium. The British, offended by the seizure of their property in opium and emboldened by their new military power, sent a large naval expedition to China, determined to end the restrictive conditions under which they had long traded with that country. Thus began the
Transcribed Image Text:In many ways, China was the victim of its own earlier success. Its robust (strong) and economy American food crops had enabled substantial population growth, from about 100 million people in CHINA 1685 to some 430 million in 1853. Unlike in Europe, though, PACIFIC OCEAN INDA where a similar growth occurred, no Industrial Revolution accompanied this vast increase in population, nor was agricultural production able to keep up. Furthermore, China's famed centralized and bureaucratic state did not enlarge itself to keep pace with the growing population. During this time, many internal and external problems began to cause the decline of the Qing Dynasty (see map above). Internal Pressures: Taiping Rebellion The conclusion of China's internal crisis lay in the Taiping Uprising, which set much of the country aflame between 1850 and 1864. Its leaders largely rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism alike, finding their primary ideology in a unique form of Christianity. Its leading figure, Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864), proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a peaceful world. His call for the destruction of the Qing dynasty and his program for the radical| *Copyright: Achievement First Unless otherwise noted, all of the content in this resource is licensed under a Ceati Commons A license transformation of Chinese society appealed to millions of men and women. The Qing dynasty had ruled China since 1644, and Qing elites had adapted to Chinese ways, but many native Chinese subjects despised the Manchu ruling class as foreigners. Hong fiercely denounced the Qing dynasty as foreigners who had "poisoned China" and "defiled the emperor's throne." They called for the abolition of private property, a radical redistribution of land, the end of prostitution and opium smoking. The Taiping land reform program promised women and men equal shares of land. Women were now permitted to sit for civil service examinations and were appointed to supervisory positions, though usually ones in which they exercised authority over other women rather than men. With a rapidly swelling number of followers, Taiping forces swept out of southern China and established their capital in Nanjing in 1853. However, problems within Taiping leadership and in allying with other rebel groups enabled the Qing's victory. Qing dynasty loyalists rallied and by 1864 they crushed this unusual peasant rebellions. Western military support for pro-Qing forces likewise contributed to their victory. External Pressures: Opium Wars In 1759 the Qing emperor restricted the European commercial presence in China to the coat at Guangzhou, where European merchants could establish warehouses. Foreign merchants could deal only with specially licensed Chinese firms known as cohongs, which bought and sold goods at set prices and operated under strict regulations established by the government. Because there was little demand for European products, Europeans had to pay in silver. Oplum imports into China 165e-1880 Opium had long been used in small doses as a drinkable medicine. Officials of the British East India Company gradually 5.000 turned to trade in an addictive product that was as profitable as it was criminal-opium - to get more favorable trade with China. The East India Company grew opium in British India and shipped it to China, where company officials exchanged it for Chinese silver coin and Chinese goods. Tear 1 1hest - kp .4g Spi s Trade in opium was illegal, but it continued unstopped for decades because Chinese authorities made little effort to enforce the law. Indeed, corrupt officials often benefited personally by allowing the illegal trade to go on. The opium trade drained large quantities of silver coin from China AND also created serious social problems in southern China, addiction. When government authorities took steps in 1838 to halt the illicit trade, British merchants started losing money. In 1839 the Chinese government stepped up its campaign by charging the incorruptible Lin Zexu with the task of destroying the opium trade. Commissioner Lin acted quickly, confiscating and destroying some 20,000 chests of opium. The British, offended by the seizure of their property in opium and emboldened by their new military power, sent a large naval expedition to China, determined to end the restrictive conditions under which they had long traded with that country. Thus began the
first Opium War, in which Britain's industrialized military easily defeated Qing naval |t forces. The Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the war in 1842, largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders. Its provisions reflected the changed balance of global power that had emerged with Britain's Industrial Revolution. But it was not the last of Spheres of Influence Balkal Russian those treaties. Britain's victory in a second Opium War (1856–1858) accompanied by the brutal vandalizing of the emperor's Japas exquisite Summer Palace outside Beijing and resulted in further humiliations for the Chinese. Still more ports Russia Zone China, 1910 was Japanese Zone Sea of Bejing Korea Germany Zone in British Zone Yellow Sea were opened to foreign s Now British Zone East China Sea traders. those s Chongang Japanese Zone foreigners were allowed to travel freely and buy land in China, to preach Christianity under the protection of Chinese authorities, and to patrol some of China's rivers. Furthermore, the Chinese were forbidden to use the character for "barbarians" to refer to b the British in official documents. Following military defeats at the hands of the French (1885) and Japanese (1895), China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan. By the end of the century, the Western nations plus Japan and Russia had all carved out spheres of influence within China, granting themselves special privileges to establish military bases, French Zone Taiwan 20 les 2i0 Kometer France French Indochina 1- Hong Kong (Br.) Macau (Port.) Siam | Germany | Britain Japan |Russia extract raw materials, and build railroads.
Transcribed Image Text:first Opium War, in which Britain's industrialized military easily defeated Qing naval |t forces. The Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the war in 1842, largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders. Its provisions reflected the changed balance of global power that had emerged with Britain's Industrial Revolution. But it was not the last of Spheres of Influence Balkal Russian those treaties. Britain's victory in a second Opium War (1856–1858) accompanied by the brutal vandalizing of the emperor's Japas exquisite Summer Palace outside Beijing and resulted in further humiliations for the Chinese. Still more ports Russia Zone China, 1910 was Japanese Zone Sea of Bejing Korea Germany Zone in British Zone Yellow Sea were opened to foreign s Now British Zone East China Sea traders. those s Chongang Japanese Zone foreigners were allowed to travel freely and buy land in China, to preach Christianity under the protection of Chinese authorities, and to patrol some of China's rivers. Furthermore, the Chinese were forbidden to use the character for "barbarians" to refer to b the British in official documents. Following military defeats at the hands of the French (1885) and Japanese (1895), China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan. By the end of the century, the Western nations plus Japan and Russia had all carved out spheres of influence within China, granting themselves special privileges to establish military bases, French Zone Taiwan 20 les 2i0 Kometer France French Indochina 1- Hong Kong (Br.) Macau (Port.) Siam | Germany | Britain Japan |Russia extract raw materials, and build railroads.
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