Q: Give an example of renal handling of inulin?
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Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for
the formation of concentrated urine?
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- One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart failure are thiazide-type diuretics. These drugs inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by inhibiting the transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A) What does it mean to inhibit the transport of sodium ions in the loop of Henle? B) Explain how this inhibition of sodium ions in the loop of Henle could help increase urine production.The Na+-glucose transporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 are located at different levels of the kidney proximal tubule to minimize spillover of the glucose into the urine (See diagram attached) a) Consider the Na+-glucose coupling ratios for SGLT2 and SGLT1. Why would localization of SGLT2 in the early proximal tubule and SGLT1 in the late proximal tubule be advantageous? b) The Michaelis constant (Km) for the SGLT2 and SGLT1 transporters are 2 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively. Is SGLT2 or SGLT1 the higher affinity Na+-glucose transporter? d) Dapagliflozin is an SGLT1 inhibitor and commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes. Why would this be of benefit to a diabetes patient?Which of the following statements is true regarding Renal Function and the filtration of molecules? (this is not the same question as '48') 49. A. Large molecules like Glucose are not filtered into the renal tubules because Glucose is too big. B. Glucose molecules are ultimately secreted into the renal tubules; thát is why Glucose is found in the urine of a normal healthy person. C. Glucose molecules are filtered into the renal tubules but are rapidly reabsorbed; that is why very little glucose is found in the urine of a healthy person. D. Plasma Electrolytes are simply too big to be filtered into the renal tubules; that is why only a small concentration of extracellular electrolytes are is found in the urine of a healthy person.
- What are the unique features of Henle loops that contribute to countercurrent multiplication during urine production? Provide an explanation of how countercurrent multiplication is facilitated in nephrons, including all the factors that contribute to it.African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant poolsof fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is theadvantage of this adaptation?(A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia.(B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to diluteammonia, which is toxic.(C) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate.(D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the poo1.1 explain how a tumour that secretes a large amount of renin will affect the blood pressure of a young student with a kidney tumour? p.s( hormonal regulation of blood pressure is important to answer the question).
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide helps to reduce overall blood pressure in a variety of ways. One way is by increasing Glomerular Filtration Rate. a. Why/how would increasing GFR cause decreased blood pressure? b. To increase GFR, would Atrial Natriuretic Peptide cause constriction or dilation of afferent arterioles at the kidneys? The efferent arterioles?6) Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose. Is glucose normally present in urine? Suggest two possible mechanisms to explain why the kidney would excrete excess glucose, and what abnormality may underlie those conditions.Given: A patient’s GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrate in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine? (answer parts a and b)
- Explain briefly what does excess amount of creatinine in urine indicate?(a) Identify the two reactions that allow the kidney to produce NH4+. (b) Which gluconeogenic precursor is thereby generated? Describe thepathway by which it can be converted to glucose.The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations. For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion Explain how you determined this.
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