Mrs. Ho, age 50, was infected by a bacterium and was diagnosed with cystitis two months ago. Her doctor gave her some drugs but they did not work. Last week, her condition worsened, and she displayed symptoms of acute renal failure. (a)  What is cystitis?  (b)  Explain how cystitis could lead to acute renal failure in Mrs. Ho.  (c)  Suggest a possible treatment for acute renal failure. Describe how the treatment should be carried out.

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