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Why are osmotically drive membrane processes (ODMPs) not been practically installed? What is the main theory to explain this?
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- Which of these answers explains why synaptic vesicles only releasee their neurotransmitter cargo in response to a signal? A) the necessary Rab proteins are not synthesized until an action potential arrives B) vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network cannot occur in the absence of plasma membrane depolarization C) an additional protein, synaptotagmin, makes vesicle fusion dependent on the calcium concentration D)a plasma membrane transporter is needed to actively pump neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. These are inactive until membrane depolarization1) We measured weights before and after soaking a potato in water of different salinities to demonstrate osmosis. There are many other types of membrane transport (as we learned from the Amoeba Sisters!), each with their role in maintaining homeostasis and providing energy, communication, and waste removal for the cell. So why dwell on osmosis? There are some practical bigger- picture things to consider. Choose one of the following scenarios. Describe the scenario. Describe the chain of events terms of tonicity_and movement of water into or out of cells represented by the scenario. Describe the predicted outcomes for the cells/organisms involved. What happens when you dry brine a turkey before cooking? ● • What happens to organisms in soil near salted roads when snow melt and rains occur? Why is sugar considered a good preservative? What is the challenge of heavy rains along the Mississippi River for organisms in the Gulf of Mexico? ● • What happens to fruit when you add sugar? ●What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport is altered? Assume in each case that the protein involved is a soluble protein, not a membrane protein. State where each protein would be located and explain each of your answers. You add a signal sequence (for the Golgi) to the N-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into other, hydrophobic, amino acids.
- For each of the following scenarios described where a molecule or ion is moving from one side of a membrane to the other, select the method by which the molecule or ion is moving. Each answer can be used more than once, or not at all. - Simple Diffusion - Facilitated diffusion by a channel protein - Facilitated diffusion by a carrier/transport protein - Active transport by a pump - Could be facilitated diffusion by a channel or a carrier; not enough information is given A- While water can freely diffuse across the membrane, it does not do so fast enough for living organisms to function properly. Therefore, membrane proteins known as aquaporins can increase the rate at which water moves across the membrane. The movement of water across the membrane via aquaporins (which do not change shape) is an example of which type of transport? B-Many snake venoms induce paralysis by acting on acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are transmembrane proteins that allow Na+, K+…What Osmotic conditions would be favored by Plant and Animal cells? Why? Explain what is meant by the Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure. What are the various functions of membrane proteins? Explain the different forms of membrane transport: Passive, Facilitated, Active. Describe the bulk transport mechanisms of Endocytosis and Exocytosis.In Chapters 11 & 12, the following examples of membrane transport proteins are given. Fill out the table with the correct answer for that particular transport protein. Type of transport protein (channel or carrier/transporter?) K* leak channel glucose transporter bacteriorhodopsin Na-K pump glucose-Na symport Na-H exchanger Performs active or passive transport? Energy source for movement of solute(s) or ion(s) Direction of movement of solute(s) or ion(s) with respect to the electrochemical gradient Na K* Na glucose Na H' Direction of movement of solute(s) or ion(s) with respect to the membrane crossed Na K₁ Na' glucose Na H' Is the protein a uniport, symport, antiport, or none of the above?
- Distinguish between simple diffusion (SD), facilitated diffusion (FD), and active transport (AT) across a membrane for the following questions. (a) Which processes are energy dependent? (b) Which processes need some kind of carrier protein(s)? (c) Which processes can be saturated by substrate? (d) Which processes can establish a concentration gradient? (e) How much energy does it take to transport an uncharged substrate in, if its starting inside concentration is 10-fold greater than outside?What is another way to answer this question Describe various examples of active transport. How is active transport different from passive transport? Without saying this: Active transport is when cells move against the flow/ concentration gradient, moving from low concentrations to high concentrations. Because of this, active transport requires ATP to work. Passive transport is different because it doesn't use much energy and moves from high concentration to a low concentration. Some examples of active transport are the Sodium-potassium pump ( the most well known one) where it takes sodium ions and pumps them outside of the membrane to let in potassium ions. Another one in plants is when a plant receives ions from the soil. The soil has a much lower concentration of ions than a plants root does, so ions have to move against the concentration gradient. Endocytosis and exocytosis are also forms of active transport. Where cells engulf its self around large molecules to bring…Why is the plasma membrane descibed as a semipermeable membrane? why are proteins required to augment the functions of hte phospholipid bilayer that forms the backbone of cell membranes? distinguish between the different types of molecular transport, why are they necessary, how do they enhance cellular functions, why are some cellualar processes free while others require the input of energy?
- Would it be possible for small ions to passively diffuse (simple diffusion) across a selectively permeable membrane? Why? A Yes, because ions are highly non-polar in nature B Yes, because ions are highly polar in nature No, because it needs the aid of transport proteins to cross the membrane No, because not only transport proteins but also metabolic energy from ATP are needed to transport ions across the plasma membraneFor each type of membrane transport, know the following:– Is a transporter protein required? If so, what type?– Is there an energy requirement, and if so, what is the energy source?– What is the relative rate of solute transport based on molecule type? On concentration gradient?– What are examples of the types of solutes transported by carriers and channels?What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion? Facilitated by which type of molecule does the term “facilitated” mean?