Why and how do the polymerase go backward from state 2 (post-translocation state) to state 1(pre-translocation state) during replication and transcription?

Q: What is PCNA?  What is processivity and is it affected by PCNA?  How?

A: Some common features of PCNA include- PCNA sliding clamp ring is highly conserved, all PCNAs are…

Q: Why is a trimming process important in converting precursors of tRNA and rRNA to the active forms?

A: Ribonucleic acid is fundamental in different biological roles in coding, translating, regulation,…

Q: What is the significance of temperature control in the polymerase chain reaction?

A: A polymerase the chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for making millions of copies of a single DNA…

Q: Why can’t the lagging strand be synthesized in the same direction of the replication fork

A: Both strands are synthesised in a 5′ x 3′ direction at a replication fork. The leading strand is…

Q: Why is only one strand transcribed, and is the same strand of DNAalways transcribed?

A: DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is the genetic material in all the prokaryotes are eukaryotes. DNA is…

Q: List the DNA polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes .

A: DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of DNA and replication of DNA .

Q: Explain how the pre-replication complex is formed and then transformed into an active replisome?

A: DNA replication is the process of producing an identical replica of the double-stranded DNA before…

Q: Explain briefly the transcription termination stage.

A: The method of producing an RNA copy of a gene sequence is known as transcription. This duplicate,…

Q: why the repressor proteins bind with the major groove in the DNA helix?

A: DNA is a double helical structure as described by Watson and crick consisting of two loops that is…

Q: Why do we say replication and transcription is highly stochastic? There are just 4 types of…

A: The process of DNA replication or transcription, we have noticed that there are many steps involved,…

Q: Explain Exon shuffling by transposition.

A: Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. There are different…

Q: For S phase to be completed in a timely manner, DNA replication must be initiated from multiple…

A: The cell cycle is the sequence of phases that takes place in the process of cell division. To…

Q: What is the role of TOPOISOMERASES in DNA replication?

A: Topoisomerases (also called polymer topoisomerases) are enzymes that facilitate to wind or unwind…

Q: What are the common features of all DNA polymerases?

A: A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside…

Q: Why would replication come to a halt in the absence of topoisomerase II?

A: Two identical copies of the original DNA are produced as a result of the DNA replication process. In…

Q: How to calculate entropy and heat dissipation in replication/ transcription? How do the entropy and…

A: Entropy and heat dissipation are important considerations in biological processes, including…

Q: What are the essential requirements for the polymerase chain reaction

A: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the laboratory technique used to amplify specific piece of sample…

Q: all of the primase enzymes were removed from a cell, how would this affect the replication process?

A: DNA replication is a complex process in which complementary strands of DNA are synthesized. this is…

Q: Which of the three Mut proteins is responsible for ensuring that the mismatched base in the newly…

A: DNA replication is the process in which DNA molecules get duplicated. It includes initiation,…

Q: What is a transcriptome, a genome and a proteome. How do they differ and why is the term proteome…

A: Definition: -  A transcriptome is defined as the full range of mRNAs expressed by an organism. A…

Q: Why must reoviral replication events occur within thenucleocapsid?

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: What is reverse transcription simple definition?

A: The process by which generation of new proteins in a cell takes place is known as protein synthesis.…

Q: What are similarities and differences between the transcription process and the replication…

A: Genome is the total DNA contained in an organism. Genome contains information to maintain and build…

Q: which exons become spliced together?

A: Splicing is the editing of the nascent precursor messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) called pre-mRNA…

Q: How Is DNA Replicated in Eukaryotic Cells?

A: DNA replication is the process in which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied and produce two…

Q: What is the difference in the requirement for a primer in RNA transcription compared to DNA…

A: DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one…

Q: What causes exon shuffling?

A: Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. It is a process through…

Q: Why is a clamp loader necessary in replication?

A: Clamp loader was identified as DNA polymerase processivity factors. Clamps not only increase the…

Q: Describe in detail how the leading and lagging strands are synthesized concurrently during DNA…

A: A new strand of DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction by the DNA polymerase enzyme.…

Q: What is the function of the single strand binding proteins during DNA replication?

A: DNA is the nucleic acids present in the organisms. DNA is the deoxy-ribose nucleic acid in which…

Q: What is the difference from the polymerase used in transcription of mRNA and the polymerase used…

A: Central Dogma as the name suggests, is central to the persistence of life forms on this planet. The…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.